Recent agreement on specifications for DV-C (digital video for consumer) is going to accelerate enhancing of picture resolution and special features of consumer video cameras. Added to a vibration stabilizer and an electronic zoom now considered indispensable functions, high-quality 16:9 wide picture that follows wide-aspect TV sets increasing in mnsumer markets is anticipated. This high-resolution multi-function CCD meets these demands. For lower power consumption, 3.3VdrivingofH-CCD is used. Bias-preadjust circuits using analog memories are built on the CCD chip, enabling a substrate (VOFD) bias to be free h m external adjustment and a reset gate to be driven with 3.3Vpulses without external bias adjustment.The schematic diagram of this device is shown in Figure 1. This CCD has 962(H) x 6 5 4 0 total effective pixels in the V3-inch optical area. To fit in the NTSC format, effective 485 linedframe or less are transferred at fh (=15.7KHz) and other lines are drained into H-CCD during V-blanking by higher frequency. As shown in Figure 2, a maximum 192 linedfield can be transferred by 321kHz continuous 4-phase clock, and after normal transfers all residual lines are drained with a 643kHz complementary4phase clock. H-CCD is driven constantly at 18MHz. Therefore, vertical effective pixels are selected by controlling driving clock, and horizontal effective pixels are selected by using a line memory.The functions of this CCD are described below. (a) Electric vibration stabilizer with 33% redundant area for both H andV direction and 450 TV lines resolution in the V4inch optical areas are realized with 711(H) x 4 8 5 0 pixels. 33% redundant pixels canbe also utilized for electronic chase system, electronic panning, etc.These selected pixels are fit for MPEG2, so that it is suitable for video communications. (b) An exact 16:9 wide aspect highquality picture is obtained with 485 lines in the vertical direction and all pixels in the horizontal direction. There is no picture degradation, because interpolation required for a conventional CCD that has fewer redundancy pixels is not necessary. (c) Maximum 192 lined field high-speed transfer enables a 4 times electronic zoom function with 200% vibration compensation. These functions are indicated in Figure 3. For drive at 18MHz (=13.5MHz x 43) and 17.9MHz (5fsc), aspect ratio errors are < 0.6%. Therefore this CCD is also suitable for both of DV-C (SD mode) with 13.5MHz sampling rate and analog VCR based on fsc, because frequency interference problem is avoided. Numbers of effective pixels and aspect ratios in each application are summarized in Table 1.Power consumption in the H-CCD is dominant in the CCD device because H-CCD is driven at high speed and has large capacitance. With restrictions on electro-magnetic interference becoming strict, and it is necessary to decrease driving pulses in H-CCD and reset gate RG, that operate at high frequency. For thesereasons, H-CCD and RG drive pulses are standardized at 3.3Vpp.The decrease of amplitude of the H-CCD driving pulse involves t...
Virtual reality (VR) technology has been more and more mature over the last decade. Development of a virtual environment for training purpose is considered one of the most practical applications of the VR technology. Since the VR technology involves all kinds of sensors in exchanging information between the real world and the virtual environment, it is computationally intensive in terms of data processing at an individual sensor and information integration among all the sensors. In general, the information integration has to be well synchronized in order to meet the training needs. At the same time, real-time processing capability is also considered critical. Many more practical issues could be uncovered only when a virtual training environment is actually being developed. Based on this belief, this study is experimenting on the development of a virtual environment for training billiards players. The technical difficulties encountered and the corresponding resolutions are considered beneficial to the development of other practical virtual training environments. This paper summarizes the design and implementation details about our experimental virtual training environment and reports the algorithms for the synchronization of the information from different sources.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.