Market integration is a good proxy for measuring market efficiency and the emerging price signals from the markets can be utilized to benefit both farmers and reelers alike. The present study empirically examines the dynamic interrelationships among the prices of major cocoons markets viz. Ramanagaram (Karnataka), Sidlaghatta (Karnataka), Hindupur (Andra Pradesh) and Dharmapuri (Tamil Nadu) in terms of market integration. The monthly average prices of cross breed mulberry cocoons for a period between April 2002 and March 2021 were considered for the present study. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) (tau) testindicated that all the price series were non-stationary at level, but were stationary after first difference. The Johansen's multivariate cointegration procedure revealed existence of cointegration among the prices of cocoon markets. The Vector Error Correction Models (VECM) revealed a long run price causality running from Ramanagaram and Sidlaghatta markets to all other markets considered under study. The Granger causality test indicated a unidirectional causality running from Ramanagaram and Sidlaghatta markets to all markets and not vice versa. The prices prevailed in Ramanagaram and Sidlaghatta markets controlled and decided the current prices of cross breed cocoons both in long run and short run in all other markets considered for the study.
The term training refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skill and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational practical skills. A study was conducted by Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute (CSR&TI), Pampore to find out the change in knowledge after the exit level in comparison with entry level assessment of Technical Orientation Programme (TOP) Under Tribal Sub Plan (TSP), was sponsored by Sericulture Development Department (SDD) of Kashmir, Government of Jammu & Kashmir, during 2018-19.Total 15 trained SDD staff was selected for the study. The data revealed that, majority of the trained SDD staff had change in knowledge about sericulture technologies/practices after the exit level in comparison with entry level assessment. In case of single trainee there was no change in knowledge about sericulture technologies/practices after the training programme. The data clearly indicated that, mean knowledge score of trained SDD staff with respect to entry level assessment was 5.267 and in case of exit level assessment was 7.600, respectively. The data revealed that, variance score of trained SDD staff with respect to entry level assessment was 1.924 and in case of exit level assessment was 0.686 respectively. This clearly shows that, significant change in knowledge after the exit level assessment with p value 0.00002. This training programme helped in capacity building of SDD staff by increasing the knowledge level, improved skills and self confidence.
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