Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous signalling molecule implicated in a growing number of plant processes and has been recognised as a plant hormone. The present research employed spinach plant (Spinacia oleracea cv. Huangjia) and closed growth chambers to investigate the effects of gaseous NO application on vegetable production in greenhouses. Treatment of low concentration of NO gas (ambient atmosphere with 200 nL L 21 NO gas) significantly increased the shoot biomass of the soil-cultivated plants as compared with the control treatment (ambient atmosphere). In addition, the NO treatment also increased the photosynthetic rate of leaves, indicating that the enhancement of photosynthesis is an important reason leading to more biomass accumulation induced by NO gas. Furthermore, the NO treatment decreased nitrate concentration but increased the concentrations of soluble sugar, protein, antioxidants (vitamin C, glutathione and flavonoids), and ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP) in shoots of the plants grown in soil, suggesting that the gaseous NO treatment can not only increase vegetable production but also improve vegetable quality. In addition, the effects of the combined application of NO and CO 2 (NO 200 nL L 21 and CO 2 800 lL L 21 ) on shoot biomass was even greater than the effects of elevated CO 2 (CO 2 800 lL L 21 ) or the NO treatment alone, implying that gaseous NO treatment can be used in CO 2 -elevated greenhouses as an effective strategy in improving vegetable production. Figure 4 Effects of NO and CO 2 gas treatments on concentrations of nitrate, soluble sugar and soluble protein in leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Seedlings at the first leaf stage were subjected to the following treatments: control (CO 2 350 lL L 21 ), NO (CO 2 350 lL L 21 and NO 200 nL L 21 ), CO 2 (CO 2 800 lL L 21 ) and CO 2 + NO (CO 2 800 lL L 21 and NO 200 nL L 21 ) in chambers. Plants were harvested and then nitrate, soluble sugar and soluble protein content were measured 20 days after treatments. Values represent the means AE standard errors (n = 3). An asterisk denotes significant difference from the control at P < 0.05. C.W. Jin et al.
Two chiral poly(N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-Lphenylalayl (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-2'-yl)methylamide) (PEDOT-Boc-L-Phe) and poly(L-phenylalayl (3,4ethylenedioxythiophene-2'-yl)methylamide) (PEDOT-L-Phe) were synthesized by electrochemical polymerization, and their properties as an immobilization platform for biosensor application were explored. After covalent immobilization of ascorbate oxidase (AO) on the polymeric matrixs, their applications for ascorbic acid (AA) biosensing were investigated in detail. Importantly, optimized biosensors showed very good linear relationships between [AA] and the steady-state current response (I) in the concentration range of 0.03 μM to 7 mM (y = 0.08972 x + 0.5785, r = 0.9954, (PEDOT-Boc-Phe)) and 0.07 μM to 7 mM (y = 0.0397x + 0.59381, r = 0.9928 (PEDOT-Phe)), respectively. Satisfactory results implied that the as-formed polymer films were realized the immobilization of biologically active species and could be candidates in the development of biosensing performance.
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