We determined that Dkk1 was up-regulated transiently in the early stages of adipogenesis, and that sFRP4 levels increased gradually during adipogeneis via inhibition of Wnt signalling. Collectively, these results show that Dkk1 and sFRP4 perform an important function in adipogenesis in hAMSCs.

Genistein and daidzein suppressed adipogenic differentiation of AD-MSCs in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited expression of adipogenic markers, PPARγ, SREBP-1c and Glut 4, from mid-phase differentiation. Microarrays showed that anti-adipogenic effects of genistein were principally attributable to activation of Wnt signalling via ERs-dependent pathway, such as Erk/JNK signalling and LEF/TCF4 co-activators. These findings were supported by evidence that the effects of genistein were offset by ICI182,780. Unlike genistein, daidzein inhibited adipogenesis through stimulation of lipolysis, with for example, PKA-mediated hormone sensitive lipase. This is consistent with the increase in glycerol released from AD-MSCs. In conclusion, understanding that different sets of mechanisms of the two isoflavones on adipogenesis will help the design of novel strategies to prevent observed current epidemic levels of obesity, using isoflavones.

Distal HVS is associated with END in acute ischaemic stroke patients with large vessel steno-occlusion.