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In this work, Discrete Element Method (DEM) is used in order to calculate the motion of granular material in rotating dryers. We are particularly interested in analysing the effect of flight shape on the behaviour of spherical particles in the cross section of the dryer. We will be using two segments flights and three different profiles : a straight flight (180 • between both segments), an angled flight (with an angle of 120 •) and a rightangled flight (90 •). The results show that the profile of the flight affects significantly the motion of the particles in the cross section of the dryer. Changing the angle between the segment's flight, changes the flight loading and thus the material holdup which leads to different discharging profiles of the flight. For a right angled flight, the range of the discharge angle increases leading to a more uniformized cascade pattern in time and an enlarging of the area occupied by the curtains of particles. The specific durations (discharging time, falling time) are also determined and studied as a function of the flight shape.

This paper presents a theoretical description of a particle motion in a rotary dryer equipped with straight lifters distributed on its periphery. In this configuration, the transport of granular materials occurs with cyclic cascades that can be decomposed into three phases: lifting, discharging, and falling into the air stream. In order to describe each of these phases, we have focused on the motion of a single particle in a rotating drum. In this condition, the analytical solution of the motion equation of each phase is found. With these solutions, the position and the velocity of the particle at any time are thus expressed as a function of physical parameters of the particle, physical parameters of the drum, and physical parameters of air in the drum, called operating parameters in practice. With these equations, we are able to calculate the behaviour of the particle as a function of the operating parameters. The transposition to the industrial context is made with an application. We show how these equations particularly permit the estimation of the Mean Residence Time (MRT) of material during the drying process as a function of operating parameters. Such estimations have been validated by comparison with experimental data of MRT found in the literature. The work presented in this paper gives some useful mathematical relations for whose who are interested in drum design optimization (lifter length, drum radius, drum length, etc.). More specifically, they can be used to help with the choice of operational parameters values that would achieve a given value of MRT for particular product.

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Using a high electric field method, the anchoring energy was measured for tilted homogeneous cells filled with nematic liquid crystals (5CB, ZLI 1132). These cells contain aligment layers of five different types obtained either by SiO depositions at various incidence angles or by special polyvinylic alcohol (PVA) coatings. The observed differences in the anchoring energy values are due to the differences in the layer topography.

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