Two-dimensional (2D) materials have been studied extensively as monolayers, vertical or lateral heterostructures. To achieve functionalization, monolayers are often patterned using soft lithography and selectively decorated with molecules. Here we demonstrate the growth of a family of 2D materials that are intrinsically patterned. We demonstrate that a monolayer of PtSe can be grown on a Pt substrate in the form of a triangular pattern of alternating 1T and 1H phases. Moreover, we show that, in a monolayer of CuSe grown on a Cu substrate, strain relaxation leads to periodic patterns of triangular nanopores with uniform size. Adsorption of different species at preferred pattern sites is also achieved, demonstrating that these materials can serve as templates for selective self-assembly of molecules or nanoclusters, as well as for the functionalization of the same substrate with two different species.
An overview of Sun–Sky Radiometer Observation Network (SONET) measurements in China is presented. Based on observations at 16 distributed SONET sites in China, atmospheric aerosol parameters are acquired via standardization processes of operational measurement, maintenance, calibration, inversion, and quality control implemented since 2010. A climatology study is performed focusing on total columnar atmospheric aerosol characteristics, including optical (aerosol optical depth, ÅngstrÖm exponent, fine-mode fraction, single-scattering albedo), physical (volume particle size distribution), chemical composition (black carbon; brown carbon; fine-mode scattering component, coarse-mode component; and aerosol water), and radiative properties (aerosol radiative forcing and efficiency). Data analyses show that aerosol optical depth is low in the west but high in the east of China. Aerosol composition also shows significant spatial and temporal variations, leading to noticeable diversities in optical and physical property patterns. In west and north China, aerosols are generally affected by dust particles, while monsoon climate and human activities impose remarkable influences on aerosols in east and south China. Aerosols in China exhibit strong light-scattering capability and result in significant radiative cooling effects.
The analysis of the spatial variability of soil properties is important for land management and construction of an ecological environment. The objectives of this study were to investigate the spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity (K S ), total porosity (TP), capillary porosity (CP) and bulk density (BD) in relation to land use in a 0·54 km 2 watershed on the Loess Plateau. Topsoil samples (0-5 cm) from 154 sites within the watershed were collected and analyzed by classical and geostatistical statistics in the summer of 2009. The results from the classical statistical analyses indicated that TP, CP and BD had low variability whereas K S had high variability with the watershed. Farmland had significantly lower BD and higher TP and CP than grassland, shrubland and woodland (p < 0·05). Geostatistical analyses revealed that the K S semivariogram was best fit by a spherical model, the CP semivariogram was best fit by an exponential model and the TP and BD semivariograms were best fit by Gaussian models. The nugget to sill ratios and fractal dimension values indicated that all four soil properties had strong spatial dependence. Moran's I analysis showed that a 100-m sampling interval would be adequate for detecting the spatial structure of the four soil physical properties within the watershed. Spatial interpolation maps could provide useful information for precision agriculture practices and ecological management. Figure 5. Spatial distribution maps of (a) saturated hydraulic conductivity (K S ), (b) total porosity, (c) capillary porosity and (d) bulk density in the watershed.Figure 4. Moran's I analysis of saturated hydraulic conductivity, total porosity, capillary porosity and bulk density in the watershed. 302 Y. Q. WANG AND M. A. SHAO
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