It is a well established fact that Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) offer immense scope for sustainable economic development of people the world over. Without the adoption of these technologies in a competitive economic world, countries can lag behind immensely frittering away the chance of rapid development of their citizens, particularly women. The potential of /CT as a technology for promoting micro-enterprises by poor and rural women is yet to be tapped fully by developing countries like India. This article presents some case studies where technology has been leveraged successfully ushering in a new dawn for women. Deploying ICTs for all round development of women through self-help groups for marketing, land development and economic selfreliance is best illustrated through Kudumbashree project in Kerala, Indira Kranthi Patham in Andhra Pradesh and Nabanna network in West Bengal. The article also presents a basic appraisal on women empowerment in the context of adoption of new technologies with emphasis on the enabling environment and dedication of the poor women involved in the projects mentioned above for achieving sustainable economic development.
The world has witnessed an unprecedented turnaround in the field of public administration what with the introd~ction of electronic governance (e-governance) as a guiding concept. More than ever, the developing nations too have caught up with the Western world in adopting the latest information and communication technologies (ICTs) for governance. The theory of e-governance has only been enhanced with far-ranging innovations in the public private partnership (PPP) models. Governments, the world over have been adopting the PPP route in the implementation of e-governance programmes in the major areas of education, health, housing, agriculture, rural development, human and natural resources development, commerce, taxation, transportation, urban development besides the core public services. This article focuses primarily on the journey that India has undertaken thus far in e-govemance with implications for public private partnerships as a policy instrument.
The Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992, completed 25 years of implementation. All states in India amended the municipal laws in conformity with the Act and are implementing them. As a consequence, provisions have been made to hold urban local body elections regularly, reservations to women and weaker sections, constitute election and finance commissions, and district and metropolitan planning committees. However, a closer analysis, after 25 years of its implementation, brings out certain deficiencies. The states seem to be half-hearted to decentralise democracy, reluctant to empower urban local bodies, functionally and financially and unwilling to clothe them with autonomy. It is time to revisit the Act, review its performance based on 25 years of experience and suggest measures to achieve the objectives that lay behind its enactment.
The article elucidates the socio-psychological behaviour in bureaucracy of the newborn country, Eritrea, Africa. The studies on the changing nature of the social system, political structure of Eritrea was discussed but the studies on bureaucracy rarely received attention of the scholars. The African societies are transfonning from their traditional, tribal and ethnical character to modernity. Eritrea has passed the critical time in the history as it undergone through European and Ethiopian colonial rule for almost a century. The war of liberation went on for three decades and finally Eritrea became an Independent nation in 1993. The colonial administrators created various administrative structures with an objective to serve their exploitative interests and tried to destroy the national identity of Eritrea. The restructuring of administrative institutions was started by Eritreans in their liberated zones from the time of liberation war and continued later to protect the "'Eritrean national identity" with a basic objective of welfare and development.
The paradigm shift in governance is intricately linked with the spread of globalisation that swept through the 1990s and consolidated its philosophy by the beginning of the new millennium. The transformation, albeit, began with the New Public Management (NPM) movement that caught the imagination of the Western Europe, Canada, the United States, Australia, New Zealand and South Korea. India, too, began to follow the NPM norms, though on a slower note. Globalisation brought in its wake the ever evolving information and communication technologies to the doorsteps of developing world countries and the process of modernising the administrative systems in conformity with the global standards began in earnest. However, conditions have not been that conducive in the developing world, including India, to move from administration to governance on account of parochialism, •localisation, authoritarian systems and over all, political culture.
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