Optical pulses with repetition rates up to several hundred MHz have been generated through a polarization self-modulation effect in an external cavity semiconductor laser modified by the insertion of a quarter-wave retardation plate. These pulses are generated without the need for any high-speed electronics. At higher bias, period doubling and chaotic phenomena are also observed.
Green lasers with high efficiency are keystone components for mobile projectors. We demonstrate a miniature device (<0.7 cc volume) that utilizes adaptive optics for operation over a 50 °C temperature range without requiring a thermo‐electric cooler. The use of adaptive optics also helps in reducing the cost of the laser assembly.
Several kinds of food have been shown to influence the absorption and metabolism of drugs, although there is little information about their effect on the renal excretion of drugs. In this study, we performed uptake experiments using Xenopus laevis oocytes to assess the inhibitory effects of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and quinic acid, which are contained in coffee, fruits and vegetables, on human organic anion transporters hOAT1 and hOAT3; these transporters mediate renal tubular uptake of anionic drugs from blood. Injection of hOAT1 and hOAT3 cRNA into oocytes stimulated uptake of typical substrates of hOAT1 and hOAT3 (p-aminohippurate and estrone sulfate, respectively); among the three compounds tested, caffeic acid most strongly inhibited these transporters. The apparent 50% inhibitory concentrations of caffeic acid were estimated to be 16.6 µM for hOAT1 and 5.4 µM for hOAT3. Eadie-Hofstee plot analysis showed that caffeic acid inhibited both transporters in a competitive manner. In addition to the transport of p-aminohippurate and estrone sulfate, that of antifolates and antivirals was inhibited by caffeic acid. These findings show that caffeic acid has inhibitory potential against hOAT1 and hOAT3, suggesting that renal excretion of their substrates could be affected in patients consuming a diet including caffeic acid.
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