Three isonitrogenous diets containing 60 g kg -1, 90 g kg -1 or 120 g kg -1 lipid were formulated and fed to the Litopenaeus vannamei (2.00 ± 0.08 g) under two salinities (25 or 3 psu) in triplicate for 8 weeks. Shrimp fed 90 g kg -1 lipid had higher weight gain and specific growth rate than shrimp fed the other two diets regardless of salinity, and the hepatosomatic index increased with increasing dietary lipid at both salinities. The shrimp at 3 psu had significantly lower survival and ash content, higher condition factor, weight gain and specific growth rate than the shrimp at 25 psu. Increasing dietary lipid level induced the accumulation of serum MDA regardless of salinity, and at 3 psu, it reduced the serum GOT and GPT activities and the mRNA expression of TNF-α in intestine and gill of L. vannamei. The hepatopancreatic triacylglycerol lipase (TGL) and CPT-1 mRNA expression showed the highest value in shrimp fed 90 g kg -1 lipid diet at 3 psu. This study indicates that 120 g kg -1 dietary lipid may negatively affect the growth and induce oxidative damage in shrimp, but can improve immune defence at low salinity; 60 g kg -1 dietary lipid cannot afford the growth and either has no positive impact on the immunology for L. vannamei at 3 psu. K E Y W O R D Sgrowth, health status, histology, lipid, Litopenaeus vannamei, salinity | INTRODUCTIONThe Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is a popular species for commercial aquaculture production in the world because of its high tolerance of salinity from 1 to 50 practical salinity unit (psu) (Cheng, Hu, Liu, Zheng, & Qi, 2006;Pante, 1990;Saoud, Davis, & Rouse, 2003).However, poor survival and growth performance (Diaz, Farfan, Sierra, & Re, 2001;Li et al., 2007), low stress tolerance and disease resistance (Li et al., 2007Lin & Chen, 2001, 2003 Hwang, 2008). Therefore, the provision of sufficient nutrients and energy through dietary manipulation is effective to enhance the ability for L. vannamei to adapt to low salinity (Li et al., 2011Schwartz, Austen, & Wasserman, 1979;Tseng & Hwang, 2008;Welcomme & Devos, 1991).Lipids have the highest energy density among the three major nutri- In this study, two levels of salinity were set at 3 psu and 25 psu.The former is the salinity usually used for L. vannamei culture in inland saline water, and the latter is the salinity close to the isotonic point | MATERIALS AND METHODS | Experimental dietsThree isonitrogenous practical diets (380 g kg -1 crude protein) were formulated with three levels of crude lipid (60, 90 or 120 g kg).Before adding oil (fish oil: soybean oil = 1:1), all dry ingredients were finely ground and mixed thoroughly. The mixture was dissolved by adding water (250 ml/kg) and then extruded into 2-mm-diameter pellets using a meat grinder. The scattered pellets were air-dried at room temperature to <100g dry matter/kg moisture. Pellets were sieved to various sizes and stored at −20°C until use. Ingredient and proximate composition of the experimental diets are presented in Table 1. adding seawater a...

The fenofibrate functions in mammals could be affected by many factors such as dietary nutrient levels and physiological status. However, this phenomenon has not been well studied in fish. The goal of our study was to investigate the effect of dietary protein contents on metabolic regulation of fenofibrate in Nile tilapia. An 8-week experiment was conducted to feed fish with four diets at two protein levels (28 and 38 %) with or without the supplementation of fenofibrate (200 mg/kg body weight per d). After the trial, the body morphometric parameters, plasma biochemical parameters and quantitative PCR data were examined. These results showed that fenofibrate significantly reduced the feeding intake and weight gain rate, increased the oxidative stress (increased plasma methane dicarboxylic aldehyde) and liver : body ratio (increased hepatosomatic index) in the low protein (LP)-fed fish. In contrast, fenofibrate exhibited a lipid-lowering (reduced hepatic lipid) effect and up-regulated the expressions of the genes related to lipid catabolism, transport and anabolic metabolism in the high protein (HP)-fed fish. The present study suggested that lipid-lowering effect of fenofibrate would be strengthened in the fish fed with the HP diet containing high energy, but in the fish fed with the LP diet containing low energy, the fenofibrate treatment would cause adverse effects for metabolism. Taking together, our study showed that the metabolic regulation of fenofibrate in Nile tilapia was dependent not only on feed energy content but also on dietary nutrient composition, such as dietary protein and/or lipid levels.

Hollow core–shell structured TS-1@S-1 with high catalytic performance was synthesized successfully owing to the formation of different titanium active centers.

Background: Schizophrenia (SCZ) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are both complex diseases. Accumulated studies indicate that schizophrenia patients are prone to present the type 2 diabetes symptoms, but the potential mechanisms behind their association remain unknown. Here we explored the pathogenetic association between SCZ and T2D based on pathway analysis and protein-protein interaction.