There is limited information is known about the composition difference of the gut microbiota in patients with constipation and healthy controls. Here, the faecal 16S rRNA fastq sequence data of microbiota from the publicly available American Gut Project (AGP) were analysed. The tendency score matching (PSM) method was used to match in a 1:1 manner to control for confounding factors age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and country. A total of 524 participants including 262 patients with constipation and 262 healthy controls were included in this analysis. The richness and evenness of the gut microbiota in the constipation group were significantly lower than those in the control group. The dominant genera in the constipation group include Escherichia_Shigella, Pseudomonas, and Citrobacter. The dominant genera in the control group include Faecalibacterium, Prevotella, Roseburia, Clostridium_XlVa, and Blautia. The abundance of three butyrate production-related pathways were significantly higher in the constipation group than in the control groups. There was no significant difference in the diversity and gut microbiota composition in patients with constipation at different ages. In conclusion, patients with constipation showed gut microbiota and butyrate metabolism dysbiosis. This dysbiosis might provide a reference for the diagnosis and clinical therapy of diseases.
Objective: This study aims to assess the short- and long-term changes in the upper airway and facial soft tissue after mini-implant -assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) in nongrowing patients with maxillary transverse deficiency (MTD). Methods: Five electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) were searched up to 10 March 2023 without limitations and included studies were identified in accordance with the PICOS principles. The main outcomes were classified into three groups: 1) nasal cavity changes, 2) upper airway volume changes and 3) alar changes. Six reviewers independently completed literature screening, data extraction and quality evaluation. The mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess changes in the main outcomes. Heterogeneity tests, subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses, and publication bias were also analysed. Result: Overall, 2158 articles were retrieved; 18 articles met the inclusion criteria, and 16 articles were included for data analysis. Nasal cavity width (WMD: 1.58 mm; 95% CI: 0.90, 2.26) and nasal floor width (WMD: 1.88 mm; 95% CI: 0.75, 3.02) increased significantly. While palatopharyngeal volume (WMD: 0.2 cm3, 95% CI: -0.61, 1.00), glossopharyngeal volume (WMD: -0.35 cm3, 95% CI: -1.88, 1.18) and hypopharyngeal volume (WMD: -0.90 cm3; 95% CI: -1.86, 0.06) remained unchanged, nasal cavity volume (WMD: 1.24 cm3, 95% CI: 0.68, 1.81), nasopharyngeal volume (MD: 0.75 cm3, 95% CI: 0.44, 1.06), oropharyngeal volume (WMD: 0.59 cm3, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.92), and total volume of the upper airway (WMD: 1.67 cm3, 95% CI: 0.68, 2.66) increased significantly (P<0.05). Alar width (WMD: 1.47 mm; 95% CI: 0.40, 2.55) and alar base width (WMD: 2.02 mm; 95% CI: 0.26, 3.77) also increased in the short term. Conclusion: MARPE can increase nasal cavity width, nasal cavity volume, nasopharyngeal volume and oropharyngeal volume for nongrowing patients, but has no significant effect on hypopharyngeal volume. In addition, the alar width also increased. However, the studies included in this meta-analysis were mainly retrospective, nonrandomized and small in number, so the findings should be interpreted with caution and high-quality RCTs need to be studied.
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