(1) To study the different patterns of presentations of tuberculosis in Head and Neck region. (2) To know the importance and reliability of ESR and Mantoux test as an aid in diagnosis of tuberculosis. This study was conducted at Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh from January 2014 to June 2015. Patients presenting with lesions in the Head and Neck region suspected of tuberculosis were subjected for cytological and histological investigations. Those cases confirmed to be tuberculosis on the basis of either of these tests were included in the study. Study comprised of 113 proven cases of tuberculosis of Head and Neck region. A female preponderance of 1:1.97 (M:F) ratio was noted. Most commonly involved structure was cervical lymph node (92.92 %) followed by larynx, skin and oral mucosa (1.76 %). It was also noted that Mantoux test was positive in 93.8 % of patients and ESR was >30 mm (first hour) in 95.5 % of patients with tuberculosis. Most common presentation of Tuberculosis in Head and Neck area was cervical lymphadenopathy. In a developing country like India the population is mostly in the lower socioeconomic strata. Access to various modern investigations is limited and diagnosis is challenging. Here ESR and Mantoux test are helpful in purusing the case for further evaluation. Based on these pointers cytologically negative cases can be taken up for biopsy.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affects the vital cells of the immune system eventually leading to a fall in the cell mediated immunity. As the disease progresses CD 4? (cluster of differentiation4) cells reduce, therefore is a good indicator of the ongoing disease process [1]. HIV infection has myriads of disease presentation; the aim of our study was to correlate the otorhinolaryngological manifestations with the CD 4? counts. A clinical study, of 100 HIV positive patients was done from 2008 to 2011. A clinical evaluation revealed 76 % incidence of otorhinolaryngological findings. Oropharyngeal manifestations were the commonest, seen in 48 %, predominantly oropharyngeal candidiasis. Neck nodes were found in 20 % of the patients. 31 % had otological manifestations of which retracted tympanic membrane (eustachian tube dysfunction) was the commonest. 18 % had nasal symptoms of which rhinosinusitis was the commonest being 14 %. The mean CD 4? count was below 200 in patients who presented with oropharyngeal candidiasis, otitis externa and epistaxis. With the use and availability of HAART (Highly active antiretroviral therapy) more and more patients with higher CD 4? count are presenting with a different spectrum of more subtle disease manifestations, with lower incidence of the classical diseases like candidiasis. A routine otorhinolaryngological evaluation at every visit with high index of suspicion can help in better disease control and give a better quality of life.

The study was under taken to know the prevalence of reflux signs in an individuals with throat complaints on the basis of reflux finding score (RFS) and quantitatively assess the effect of treatment. A cross-sectional study was done to evaluate the presence of laryngo-pharyngeal reflux signs in patients visiting ENT clinic with throat or voice problems in central India. There were 80 patients included in the study from 2017 to 2018 individuals. They were questioned regarding their symptoms. Their pharyngeal findings on rigid 70° laryngoscopy were viewed and RFS was made. The patients were reviewed at monthly intervals. Laryngopharyngeal reflux changes were seen in 36 of the 80 patients (45%). The reflux was graded as per the reflux finding score. The score ranged from 7 to maximum of 17 out of 26 in the patients with LPRD. Majority of the patients the score decreased with lifestyle changes and pantaprazole twice daily. There was poor response in 5% (4) patients, who were then advised to undergo upper gastro intestinal endoscopy for further assessment. Laryngopharyngeal reflux has become a very common entity in urban lifestyle. On careful examination the signs can be picked and assessed with the RFS, which is a very useful tool to grade and reassess patient on subsequent follow up.