The composition of yeast communities in the rumen of cattle was investigated using comparative DNA sequence analysis of yeast 26S rDNA genes. 26S rDNA libraries were constructed from rumen fluid (FF), rumen solid (FS) and rumen epithelium (FE). A total of 97 clones, containing a partial 26S rDNA sequence of 0·6 kb length, were sequenced and subjected to an on-line similarity search.The 41 FF clones could be divided into five classes. The largest class was affiliated with Pezizomycotina class (85·4% of clones), and the remaining classes were related with the Urediniomycotina (2·4%), Hymenomycetes (4·9%), Ustilaginomycetes (4·9%) and Saccharomycotina (2·4%) classes. The 26 FE clones could be divided into three classes and the Saccharomycetes class (92·4% of clones) was the largest group. The remaining classes were related with either Pezizomycotina (3·8%) or Ustilaginomycetes (3·8%). The 30 FS clones were all affiliated with Saccharomycotina. Saccharomycotina were predominant in rumen epithelium and rumen solid while Pezizomycotina were predominant in rumen fluid. Yeast belonging to the Saccharomycotina class was predominant in the rumen as a whole (57%). One clone (FF34) had less than 90% similarity to any sequence in the database and was thus apparently unrelated to any previously described yeast.
The amino-acid sequences corresponding to the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium vivax fall into two main types, VK210 and VK247, each of which has a characteristic tandem repeat. When the repetitive domains of the CSP gene from six isolates of P. vivax from South Korea were sequenced they were found to show a total of 20 tandem amino-acid repeats, and repeat patterns that are regular and distinct from those of other P. vivax isolates. The amino-acid sequences of the South Korean parasites were found to be most similar to those of three isolates from China (CH-3, CH-4, and CH-5) and, particularly, to one from North Korea. A sequence (AGGNAANKKAEDAGGNA) and two repeats of the sequence GGNA found in the North Korean parasites were found in all six isolates from South Korea. The South Korean parasites investigated appear phylogenetically identical and unique to the Korean peninsula.
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