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The interaction action between structures and supporting soil media is of fundamental importance in foundation design and it has always attracted the attention of both researchers and engineers. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in this field, highlighting the key areas of development, including the modelling of the soil media and various analytical as well as numerical approaches in analysing the interaction action between the foundation and soil.

Background and Purpose: Hitherto, treatment of acute cerebral hemorrhage with intravenous glycerol has not been evaluated in rigorous clinical studies with sufficient patient numbers.Methods: We undertook a double-blind, stratified and randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Only patients with a first stroke admitted to the hospital within 24 hours after onset of symptoms were recruited, provided computed tomography confirmed hemorrhage and informed consent was obtained. After stratification into alert, semicoma, and coma subgroups using the Glasgow Coma Scale, 107 patients received active treatment (500 ml of 10% glycerol in saline by intravenous infusion over 4 hours on 6 consecutive days) and 109 were given corresponding saline treatment. Using a variety of objective scoring systems, patients were followed up for up to 6 months.Results: At follow-up, all measures of outcome in the treated and control groups were very similar. At 6 months, respective mortality rates were 37 of 107 and 33 of 109. Corresponding mean±SD improvements in Scandinavian Stroke Study Group scores were 8.35±16.9 versus 11.55±15.6 (long-term) and 0.64±7.3 versus 2.40±6.9 (prognostic), and improvements in the Barthel Index ratings were 10.72±24.7 versus 13.95 ±23.3, respectively. Glasgow Coma Scale score improvements in the survivors were 0.81 ±1.5 and 1.16±1.7 in the treated and control groups, respectively. Hemolysis (generally subclinical) was the only adverse effect of glycerol noted.Conclusions: In the absence of any clinically or statistically significant difference in outcome between the treated and control groups, this trial provides no justification for glycerol therapy following acute cerebral hemorrhage. (Stroke 1992;23:967-971) KEY WORDS • cerebral hemorrhage • clinical trials • glycerin

SUMMARYA finite element displacement analysis of multilayer sandwich beams and plates, each with n stiff layers and n-1 weak cores, is presented. Each layer of the sandwich structure may have individual orthotropic properties of its own and the bending rigidities of the stiff layers are taken into account while direct stresses in cores are neglected in the analysis. The condition of common shear angle for all cores, which has been used by several authors, is not implied in the formulation.Several examples on bending problems have been solved using lower-order elements and the accuracy of the results has been shown to be excellent. Two higher-order elements have also been developed but have not been found to yield much better results.The free vibration problems of multilayer sandwich structures have also been solved, and good accuracy is demonstrated.

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