During the late Longshan period (ca. 4200–3900 BP) settlements on the Central Plains of China underwent a diversification in food production technologies, which set the stage for rapid economic and social development. The introduction of novel domesticates such as rice, wheat, cattle, and sheep not only provided more food choices, but also changed ideas concerning land use, farming techniques, and the use and mobilization of large scale labor forces. To better understand the contribution that these new dietary items and practices made to shaping the late Longshan period societies, a stable isotope ratio study of humans (n = 12) and animals (n = 42) was conducted at the late Longshan period site of Wadian. The human δ13C and δ15N values are clustered into two distinct groups. One group of nine individuals (δ13C = −9.9 ± 0.7‰; δ15N = 7.5 ± 0.5‰) had a predominately C4 diet based on millet grains with little protein input from the domestic animals. The other group of three individuals (δ13C = −14.3 ± 0.8‰; δ15N = 10.2 ± 0.3‰) had a mixed C3/C4 diet of millets and rice and were consuming sheep and cattle. The animals also displayed dietary diversity with the pigs (δ13C = −11.3 ± 2.5‰; δ15N = 6.9 ± 1.0‰, n = 10) and dogs (δ13C = −10.1 ± 1.0‰; δ15N = 7.2 ± 1.1‰, n = 7) having mostly a C4 plant based diet (millets). In contrast, the cattle (δ13C = −12.8 ± 2.1‰; δ15N = 7.6 ± 0.7‰, n = 9), sheep (δ13C = −16.7 ± 0.9‰; δ15N = 7.6 ± 0.1‰, n = 2), and cervids (δ13C = −20.8 ± 0.9‰; δ15N = 5.0 ± 1.2‰, n = 10) had diets with a greater contribution from C3 sources such as rice and wild plants. The discovery that humans and animals had different subsistence patterns indicates dietary complexity at Wadian and that rice agriculture, and cattle and sheep husbandry practices were already an important part of the local economy by the late Longshan period in the southern region of the Central Plains of China. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Textual records and archaeological evidence reflect prosperous animal farming in the Eastern Zhou of ancient China (770–220 BC), but knowledge of how these animals were fed is limited. Here, we present the first stable isotopic study investigating animal husbandry strategies of this period. Isotopic features of faunal remains of 5 species discovered in Songzhuang cemetery suggest that pigs and dogs were fed on mixed diets with substantial internal variation, and cattle were fed mainly on a C4‐based diet. This is similar to the situation found in another Eastern Zhou cemetery, Tianli. Evidence from the 2 sites demonstrates that domesticated omnivores were raised in quite flexible ways, but cattle raising practices show consistency in different areas of China's Central Plains. Inter‐burial analysis of isotopic data suggests a very small scale of cattle farming during this period. Temporal comparison reveals that early Bronze Age people on the Plains had already established practices of provisioning cattle with C4 plants, and that these practices were inherited by Eastern Zhou people without significant change. However, manuring practices of the historical period likely elevated stable nitrogen isotope values of cattle slightly relative to Bronze Age values. This study sheds light on animal management practices on the plains during early historical times, and also provides faunal isotopic values for reference in studies of contemporary human diets.
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