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Patients' early dropout was related to ethnicity, clinic accessibility, living with drug users and methadone dose. A higher methadone dose as appropriate for maintenance treatment is recommended.

Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev, 13, 2179-2184 Introduction Globally, cervix uteri and breast cancers (BC) in women were the commonest incident forms of cancer by a considerable margin. Breast cancer is now the most common cancer in both developed and developing countries. The range of mortality rates is much less (approximately 6-19 per 100,000) than that of incidence because of the more favorable survival of breast cancer in (high-incidence) developed regions. As a result, breast cancer ranks as the fifth cause of death from cancer overall (458,000 deaths), but it is still the most frequent cause of cancer death in women in both developing (269,000 deaths, 12.7% of total) and developed regions .Although there are significant similarities across region of the world, they are also striking difference the peak age for breast cancer in Asian countries is between 40 and 50 years, whereas the peak age in the Western countries is The cases and controls information on demographics, medical history, and reproductive characteristics variables were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and routine medical records. Histology of breast cancer tissue and benign breast lesion were documented by pathology reports. Since some variables in data analysis had zero count in at least one category, binomial-response GLM using the bias-reduction method was applied to estimate OR's and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). To adjust for age and menopause status, a compound variable comprising age and menopausal status was retained in the statistical models. Results: multivariate model analysis revealed significant independent positive associations of BC with short menstrual cycle, old age at first live birth, never breastfeeding, history of oral contraception experience, increased number of abortion, postmenopausal status, and nulliparity. Categorised by age and menopausal status, perimenopausal women had about 3-fold and postmenopausal women had more than 5-fold increased risk of BC compared to premenopausal women. Discussion and Conclusion: This study has confirmed the significant association of BC and estrogen related risk factors of breast cancer including longer menstrual cycle, older age of first live birth, never breastfeeding, nulliparity, and number of abortions more than one. The findings suggest that female hormonal factors, especially the trend of menopause status play a significant role in the development of BC in Yunnan women

Heroin users attended MMT programs irregularly and their periods of attendance significantly declined by duration of the time they stayed in the treatment program. Additional interventions should be employed to help patients adhere to this long-term treatment program.

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Aims: To investigate changes in cellular immune function of patients with lung cancer before and after cytokineinduced killer (CIK) cell therapy and to identify variation effects on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Materials and Methods:A total of 943 lung cancer patients with immune dysfunction were recruited from January 2002 to January 2010, 532 being allocated to conventional therapy and 411 to CIK therapy after a standard treatment according to the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines. All the patients were investigated for cellular immune function before and after therapy every three months. and clinical prognostic outcomes were analyzed. Results: After six courses of treatment, immune function was much improved in patients receiving CIK cells therapy as compared to controls. The percentages of recurrence and/or metastases for patients undergoing CIK cell therapy was 56.2% and 49.1% respectively but 78.6% and 70.3% among controls (p<0.001). The median OS times for CIK cell therapy and control groups were 48 and 36 months respectively. The OS rates at 12, 36, 60, 84 months in CIK treated patients were 97.8%, 66.9%, 27.7%, and 4.1% while they were 92.3%, 44.5%, 9.2%, and 1.5% in controls. OS and PFS were significantly different by log rank test between the two groups and across the three immune improvement classes. Conclusions: The immune function of lung cancer patients was improved by CIK cell therapy, associated with an increase in the OS rate and extension of the time to recurrence and/or metastasis.

Image magnification is an important topic in the field of digital image processing .The realization of a varty of interpolation algorithm is now a hotspot for research. The paper first useing the interpolation algorithm of cubic spline curve to realize image magnification, then using interpolation algorithm of cubic convolution for image edge serrated on post-processing, thus make objective image with higher resolution and good smoothness. On the image edge, the serrated phenomenon is solved and a good visual effect.is achieved. The technology to get a larger size of the imag by using a smaller one is what we called Digital Image Magnification. Digital image magnification as an important topic in the field of digital image processing has important practical value. For example , medical, aerospace, public security, film, animation, etc and some image processing software for suitable for special occasions and obtain good effect, often need have an efficient way to change the size of original image. The scaling method of good image can obtain image with higher quality, so as to further work provides a great convenience. The essence of digital image magnification is the original image pixels as sampling points to construct the continuous mathematic model, and it is interpolation function. Interpolation function is used to interpolation calculation to putting shrinkage required re-sampling point, seek gray value of re-sampling pixel, thus obtain the amplified image. Existing image processing theory and some common image processing software usually adopt the nearest interpolation, bilinear interpolation, biquadratic interpolation, Newton interpolation method to achieve image amplification. Although these interpolation theory and calculation are simple, but interpolation effect is not good. Due to the spline interpolation algorithm can keep the whole image clarity and smoothness, the cubic spline function in many interpolation algorithm has been used widely . However ,spline interpolation algorithm can create a different degree of edge serrated aging and fuzzification in interpolation process, seriously affecting the quality, of enlarged image .Therefore, it is necessary to adopt the method of post-processing which make the image smooth edge as far as possible. The image interpolation algorithm is put forward in this paper. First using cubic spline interpolation algorithm of image magnification, can create a smoother than traditional algorithm.And the purpose of clear image for spline interpolation which generally have loss image edge character caused edge part, the defects of indented to edges pixel using cubic convolution interpolation algorithm can eliminate edge serrated effect, ensure image visual effect.