In addition to its importance for existing and potential applications, superconductivity [1] is one of the most interesting phenomena in condensed matter physics.Although most superconducting materials are well-described in the context of the Bardeen Cooper and Schrieffer (BCS) theory [2], considerable effort has been devoted to the search for exotic systems whose novel properties cannot be described by the BCS theory. Conventional superconductors break only gauge symmetry by selecting a definite phase for the Cooper pair wavefunction; a signature of an unconventional superconducting state is the breaking of additional symmetries [3].Evidence for such broken symmetries include anisotropic pairing (such as d-wave in the high-T c cuprates) and the presence of multiple superconducting phases (UPt 3 and superfluid 3 He[4]). We have performed muon spin relaxation measurements of Sr 2 RuO 4 and observe a spontaneous internal magnetic field appearing below T c . Our measurements indicate that the superconducting state in Sr 2 RuO 4 is characterized by broken time reversal symmetry which, when combined with symmetry considerations indicate that its superconductivity is of p-wave (odd-parity) type, analagous to superfluid 3 He. Despite the structural similarity with the high T c cuprates, the origin of the unconventional superconductivity in Sr 2 RuO 4 is fundamentally different in nature.Sr 2 RuO 4 , which is isostructural to the high-T c cuprate La 1.85 Sr 0.15 CuO 4 , is to date the only known layered perovskite superconductor which does not contain copper. Although first synthesized in the 50's, [5] its superconductivity was only found in 1994[6]; T c 's of early samples were roughly 0.7 K but have increased to T c = 1.5 K in recent high quality single crystals [7]. Despite its low transition temperature, Sr 2 RuO 4 is of great interest as there is growing evidence for an unconventional superconducting state. In this system, strong correlation effects enhance the effective mass seen in quantum oscillation [8] and Pauli spin susceptibility measurements, in the same way as in 3 He [9]. Combining this feature with Sr 2 RuO 4 's expected tendency to display ferromagnetic spin fluctuations, Rice and Sigrist [10], and later Baskaran [11] argued that the pairing in Sr 2 RuO 4 could be of odd parity (spin triplet) type.The strong suppression of the superconducting T c by even non-magnetic impurities suggests non-s-wave pairing [7]. Specific heat [12] and NMR 1/T 1 [13] measurements indicate the presence of a large residual density of states (RDOS) at low temperatures (well within the superconducting state); in high quality samples, this RDOS as T→ 0 seems to approach half of the normal state value. Several authors [14,15] have proposed so-called non-unitary p-wave superconducting states for Sr 2 RuO 4 to account for this RDOS as well as the absence of a Hebel-Slichter peak in NMR measurements [13]. A finite RDOS is not a unique signature of unconventional superconductivity; for example it is observed in so-called gapless sup...
Articles you may be interested inTemperature-and field-dependent critical currents in [(Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox]0.07(La0.7Sr0.3MnO3)0.03 thick films grown on LaAlO3 substrates
We report elastic neutron diffraction and muon spin relaxation (µSR) measurements of the quasi one-dimensional antiferromagnets Sr2CuO3 and Ca2CuO3, which have extraordinarily reduced TN/J ratios.We observe almost resolution-limited antiferromagnetic Bragg reflections in Sr2CuO3 and obtain a reduced ordered moment size of ∼0.06µB. We find that the ratio of ordered moment size µ(Ca2CuO3)/µ(Sr2CuO3) = 1.5(1) roughly scales with their Néel temperatures, which suggests that the ordered moment size of quasi one-dimensional antiferromagnets decreases continuously in the limit of vanishing inter-chain interactions.PACS numbers: 76.75.+i, 75.25.+z, 75.10.Jm One-dimensional spin systems with antiferromagnetic interactions have received considerable attention because of their pronounced quantum mechanical effects. In the absence of inter-chain interactions, both integer and halfodd integer spin-chain systems have spin-singlet ground states, rather than an antiferromagnetically ordered Néel state [1][2][3]. Yet, for half odd-integer spin-chains, the spin-excitations are gap-less at momentum k = 0 and π [4]; this indicates that the ground state of a half-odd integer spin-chain is closer to the Néel ordered state than the integer spin systems, which have a so-called Haldane gap [3].Because of the gap-less feature of half-odd integer spinchains, one interesting question is whether the ground state is ordered or disordered when inter-chain interactions are introduced. Previously, it was proposed that there is a non-zero critical coupling ratio (J ′ /J = R c ), below which the system retains a singlet ground-state [5]. Recent renormalization group calculations however suggest that the ground state may depend on microscopic details of the model which describes the spin-spin interactions [6,7]. Numerical studies of the Heisenberg model suggested a vanishing critical coupling ratio (R c ∼ 0); namely, for infinitesimally small inter-chain couplings, half odd-integer spin-chains should exhibit Néel order [7].Experimentally, KCuF 3 is the most investigated quasione-dimensional S=1/2 antiferromagnet. Unfortunately, this material has relatively large coupling ratio R = J ′ /J ∼ 2 K/203 K = 1.0 × 10 −2 , as shown from neutron inelastic scattering measurements [8]. Probably reflecting the large coupling ratio R, the T N /J ratio (∼ 39 K/203 K = 0.2) and the ordered moment size (= 0.49(7)µ B [9]) were also found to be relatively large.To investigate the regime of the critical coupling ratio, model materials with smaller inter-chain couplings are needed; the quasi one-dimensional S=1/2 antiferromagnets Sr 2 CuO 3 and Ca 2 CuO 3 are suitable candidates. The intra-chain interaction (2J ∼ 2600 K) of these materials have been estimated from susceptibility [10,11] and infrared light absorption [12]. Néel ordering of these compounds was first observed in µSR measurements [13], with a significantly reduced T N /J ratio of ∼ 5 K/1300 K = 4 × 10 −3 for Sr 2 CuO 3 and T N /J ∼ 11 K/1300 K = 8 × 10 −3 for Ca 2 CuO 3 . Since T N /J is a measure of ...
We report muon spin relaxation (SR) measurements using single crystals of oxygen-intercalated stage-4 La 2 CuO 4.11 ͑LCO:4.11͒ and La 1.88 Sr 0.12 CuO 4 ͑LSCO:0.12͒, in which neutron scattering studies have found incommensurate magnetic Bragg reflections. In both systems, zero-field SR measurements show muon spin precession below the Néel temperature T N with frequency 3.6 MHz at T→0, having a Bessel function line shape, characteristic of spin-density-wave systems. The amplitude of the oscillating and relaxing signals of these systems is less than half the value expected for systems with static magnetic order in 100% of the volume. Our results are consistent with a simulation of local fields for a heuristic model with ͑a͒ incommensurate spin amplitude modulation with the maximum ordered Cu moment size of ϳ0.36 B , ͑b͒ static Cu moments on the CuO 2 planes forming ''islands'' having typical radius 15-30 Å, comparable to the in-plane superconducting coherence length, and ͑c͒ the measured volume fraction of magnetic muon sites V increasing progressively with decreasing temperature below T N towards V ϳ40% for LCO:4.11 and 18% for LSCO:0.12 at T→0. These results may be compared with correlation lengths in excess of 600 Å and a long range ordered moment of 0.15Ϯ0.05 B measured with neutron scattering techniques. In this paper we discuss a model that reconciles these apparently contradictory results. In transverse magnetic field SR measurements, sensitive to the in-plane magnetic field penetration depth ab , the results for LCO:4.11 and LSCO:0.12 follow correlations found for underdoped, overdoped and Zn-doped high-T c cuprate systems in a plot of T c versus the superconducting relaxation rate (T→0). This indicates that the volume-integrated value of n s /m* ͑superconducting carrier density / effective mass͒ is a determining factor for T c , not only in high-T c cuprate systems without static magnetism, but also in the present systems where superconductivity coexists with static spin-densitywave spin order.
We present zero-field muon spin relaxation ͑SR͒ measurements of La 1.6Ϫx Nd 0.4 Sr x CuO 4 with xϭ0.125,0.15,0.2; La 1.475 Nd 0.4 Ba 0.125 CuO 4 , La 1.875 Ba 0.125 CuO 4 , and La 1.875 Ba 0.125Ϫy Sr y CuO 4 with y ϭ0.025,0.065. All of the samples with dopant concentrations xϩyр0.15 show similar static magnetic order with coherent precession of the muon spins below T N Ϸ30 K, with a T→0 ordered Cu moment Ϸ0.3 B . The samples with xϭ0.20 show no coherent precession but manifest two distinct relaxation regimes, typical of quasistatic magnetism. We then present transverse-field SR hysteresis measurements of the La 1.45 Nd 0.4 Sr 0.15 CuO 4 and La 1.4 Nd 0.4 Sr 0.2 CuO 4 systems that show a large superconducting response below approximately 7 K and 12 K, respectively. We argue that superconductivity and magnetic order coexist in the xϭ0.15 system.
We report muon spin relaxation measurements of the doped spin-Peierls system ͑Cu 12x Zn x ͒-͑Ge 12y Si y ͒O 3 . Spontaneous muon spin precession in zero applied field was observed, confirming the presence of antiferromagnetic order in this series of compounds. In contrast to usual antiferromagnets, muon spin precession is accompanied by a relaxation signal indicating a large spatial inhomogeneity of the ordered moment size. Assuming an exponential decay of the moment size away from the doping centers, we estimated a decay length of j ϳ 10 lattice units along the chain. We suggest that both Zn and Si doping induces the same maximum moment size around the doping center. [S0031-9007(97)03590-4] PACS numbers: 75.40.Cx, 75.50.Ee, 76.75. + i One-dimensional quantum spin systems have received considerable attention recently because of the quantum mechanical nature of their ground states. One particularly interesting phenomenon is the spin-Peierls transition: a structural transition coupled with singlet pairing of neighboring spins along an S 1͞2 antiferromagnetic spin chain. This type of transition was first observed in several organic compounds in the 1970's [1-3]. The discovery of a new spin-Peierls material CuGeO 3 [4], however, changed the course of experimental investigations of spin-Peierls phenomena, because this material allows doping at the spin site (Zn ! Cu [5]) and at the side chain (Si ! Ge [6]). From several previous measurements, antiferromagnetic order of Cu moments has been identified in both the Zn-doped systems [7][8][9][10][11][12] and the Si-doped systems [6,13,14].To understand the ordering mechanism, recent theoretical investigations of the Si-doped system suggested that perturbations to the lattice may be important [15]. A silicon ion has a significantly smaller ionic radius than germanium and may cause local strain which prevents the spin-Peierls dimerization. The authors of Ref.[15] solved the spin-lattice Hamiltonian and showed that staggered moments are induced around the doping center, which leads to antiferromagnetic order. In the framework of this theory, both the lattice order parameter and the spin order parameter (ordered moment size) have a large spatial inhomogeneity; the size of the ordered moments will be maximum around the doping center, and decay exponentially along the chain (see Fig. 1). For the Zn-doped system, the mechanism responsible for the antiferromagnetic order is not yet clear; still, it has been proposed that a semi-infinite S 1͞2 spin chain will have staggered moments near the chain end [16,17]. If the lattice dimerization is somehow suppressed by Zn doping, the induced staggered moments may lead to an antiferromagnetic order. In this case as well, a large spatial inhomogeneity of the ordered moment size is expected [16].Experimentally, spatial inhomogeneity of the moment size has been suggested from neutron diffraction measurements of the Zn-doped system [10]; as indirect evidence, the absence of low-temperature saturation of the antiferromagnetic Bragg peak intensit...
Muon spin relaxation and magnetic susceptibility measurements have been performed on the pure and diluted spin 1/2 kagomé system (CuxZn(1-x))3V2O7(OH)2 2H2O. In the pure x=1 system we found a slowing down of Cu spin fluctuations with decreasing temperature towards T approximately 1 K, followed by slow and nearly temperature-independent spin fluctuations persisting down to T=50 mK, indicative of quantum fluctuations. No indication of static spin freezing was detected in either of the pure (x=1.0) or diluted samples. The observed magnitude of fluctuating fields indicates that the slow spin fluctuations represent an intrinsic property of kagomé network rather than impurity spins.
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