Members of the genus Campylobacter are frequently responsible for human enteric disease worldwide. Persistent Campylobacter contamination of poultry meat is a common problem that represents a significant food safety risk through the consumption of undercooked poultry meat or through cross-contamination of other foods during the preparation of poultry. Bacteriophage therapy is one possible means by which this colonization of poultry could be controlled, thus limiting the entry of Campylobacter into the human food chain. Previously group III phages with genome sizes of approximately 140 kb had been administered to Campylobacter jejuni-colonized poultry. The application of a group II Campylobacter phage, CP220, with a genome size of 197 kb is described here. Phage CP220 was administered to both C. jejuni- and C. coli-colonized birds. A 2-log CFU/g decline in cecal Campylobacter counts was observed after 48 h in birds colonized with C. jejuni HPC5 and administered with a single 7-log PFU dose of CP220. The incidence of phage resistance developing in Campylobacter-colonized chickens upon exposure to virulent phages was determined to be 2%, and the resistant types remained a minor component of the population. To achieve a similar reduction in Campylobacter numbers in C. coli OR12-colonized birds, a 9-log PFU dose of CP220 was required. Using phage to reduce Campylobacter colonization in poultry offers the prospect of a sustainable intervention measure that may limit the entry of these pathogens into the human food chain.

A total of 100 Tilapia fish samples were collected from brackish water (n = 50) and fresh water (n = 50) resources, Northern Egypt, and examined for heterophyid encysted metacercariae (EMC) during the period from August 2007 to July 2008. The overall prevalence of infection was 32%; 22% for brackish water fish and 42% for fresh water fish. Significant differences in parasite occurrence among body regions were found, with muscles of the tail and caudal third being highly affected (93.4%) followed by middle third (84.3%) and anterior third (75%), while the head region had the lowest infection (21.9%). The prevalence was highest in summer season (46.4%) followed by spring (37.5%) and autumn (27.3%), and was lowest in winter (15.4%). The prevalence of infection decreased as fish size increased. Adult heterophyids, Heterophyes heterophyes, Heterophyes aequalis, Pygidiopsis genata, Haplorchis yokogawai, and Ascocotyle (Phagicola) ascolonga were recovered from EMC-feed puppies. Eggs of heterophyid type were detected in 10 (13.3%) out of 75 human stool specimens from local residents. An association exists between being a female (odd ratio [OR] 1.59 and 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42-6.04), a fisherman (OR 1.39 [95% CI 0.26-7.48]), a housewife (OR 1.24 [95% CI 0.29-6.28]), 15-45 years old (OR 2.22 [95% CI 0.58-8.53]), or aged 5-14 years (OR 1.29 [95% CI 0.30-5.58]) and heterophyid infection. Measures should be implemented to reduce the risk of transmission of heterophyids to human and fish-eating animals.

Poultry production considers one of the most important activities for economy and income in many countries. Proper management and hygiene in poultry hatchery mostly depend on efficient cleaning and sanitation of the hatchery environment and hatching eggs for production high quality newly hatched chicks. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of some disinfectants (Aquavinol ® 5%, Presept ® 2.5%, Poviment ® and MM8 ® ) at various concentrations 1%, 1.5% and 2% at different contact times 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes against E.coli and salmonella which were isolated from the poultry hatcheries at a titer of 3×10 6 /cm 2 . Our results showed that Aquavinol ® 5% was the highest powerful disinfectant against these pathogens, followed by Presept ® 2.5% and then Poviment ® , while MM8 ® was the weakest disinfectant at the same conditions. Our study concluded that the prevention and control of infections depend on the disinfectant of choice that must be applied with sufficient concentration at proper exposure time to achieve the best powerful effect on microorganisms with low costs Disinfectants E.coli Poultry hatcheriesSalmonella.

The present study was performed to evaluate the efficiency of disinfection process applied in poultry farms and determination the major input of infection into poultry farms. A total of 140 samples and swabs were collected from farm A and B with an average of 70 samples from each farm. These samples were collected from floor, walls, drinker, feeder, air, windows, fans, boats, car rubber, cloaca, litter, water, feed and hands samples (5 of each) from two broiler farms before and after disinfection. The results showed that Salmonella Kentuckey, Salmonella Typhymurium, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Virchow were higher in different samples taken from farm (A) than in different samples taken from farm (B). Actually, E. coli serotype O1 was detected in drinker, boots, cloaca, litter (20% of each) & car rubber (40%) of farm (A) and only from car rubber (20%) of farm (B). Moreover, E. coli serotype O2 was isolated from fan, feeder, feed (20% of each) & boots (40%) of farm (B). However, E. coli serotype O78 was detected in floor, feeder, cloaca, water (20% of each) & feeder & litter (40% of each) of farm (A) and feeder, cloaca (20% of each) & litter (40%) of farm (B). In concern to S. aureus, the isolation percentages from wall, fan, cloaca, litter (20% of each), floor, drinker, boots, air (40% of each), car rubber (60%) & worker hands (80%) of farm (A) and only from drinker & car rubber (20% of each) of farm (B). While, C. jejuni was recovered floor, wall, fan, feeder, boots, water (20% of each), drinker, cloaca (40% of each) & litter (60%) of farm (A) and only from cloaca and litter (20% of each) of farm (B).