Since most of the increased greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to activities associated with production and consumption of energy, reducing greenhouse gas emission will inevitably affect the energy industry significantly. In this study, policy cases for reflecting greenhouse gas-emission reduction and energy development in the Province of Saskatchewan, Canada are investigated. The impacts of the Kyoto target on Saskatchewan's energy system are analyzed; the least-cost strategies for dealing with greenhouse gas-emission reduction in a long-term horizon are developed. The modeling results suggested that the developed model was capable of supporting in-depth analyses for energy-related activities in response to the greenhouse gasemission reduction target and could provide effective support for the formulation of the Province's energy polices (utilization of renewable and nuclear power) and strategies in dealing with climate change issues.
The biofuel management of a biofuel-penetrated district heating system is complicated due to its association with multiple and polymorphic uncertainties. To handle uncertainties and system dynamic complexities, an inexact two-stage compound-stochastic mixed-integer programming technique is proposed, innovatively based on the integration of different uncertain optimization approaches. The proposed technique can not only address the inexact recourse problems sourced from multiple and compound uncertainties existing in the pre-regulated biofuel supply–demand match mode, but can also quantitatively analyze the conflicts between the economic target that minimizes the system cost and the risk preference that maximizes the heating service satisfaction. The developed model is applied to a real-world biofuel management case study of a district heating system to obtain the optimal biofuel management schemes subject to supply–demand, policy requirement constraints, and the financial minimization objective. The results indicate that biofuel allocation and expansion schemes are sensitive to the multiple and compound uncertainty inputs, and the corresponding biofuel-deficit change trends of three heat sources are obviously distinct with the system’s condition, varying due to the complicated interactions of the system’s components. Beyond that, a potential trade-off relationship between the heating cost and the constraint-violation risk can be obtained by observing system responses with thermalization coefficient varying.
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