Objectives: Surgical and non-surgical management options with pre-treatment biopsy are available for small renal masses (SRMs). The cost-effectiveness of these options is unclear. This study aimed to systematically review the costeffectiveness of various management options for SRMs, and evaluate these costeffectiveness studies. MethOds: A systematic literature review was conducted on five databases from inception to December 31, 2014. Search terms consisted of three categories of keywords, e.g., 'economic evaluation', 'renal mass' and 'surgery'. Inclusion criteria were 1) original research, 2) full economic evaluation of management options for SRMs, 3) written in English, and 4) with targeted populations aged ≥ 18 years old. Exclusion criteria were 1) investigation of metastases only, and 2) case reports etc. Manual search of relevant bibliographies was performed. Eligible studies were evaluated using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS). Results: Among the 557 articles retrieved, 6 were included, all of which were cost-utility analyses and used Markov models with a lifetime horizon except for one study that adapted a 10-year horizon. One to three items on the CHEERS checklist were unfulfilled for each study. Three studies were from a societal perspective whereas the others were from a payer's perspective. Health states included no evidence of disease, recurrence, metastases and death. Transition probabilities were obtained from observational studies. Evaluated strategies were surveillance, ablation, and partial and radical nephrectomy with/without pre-treatment biopsy. Two studies determined that pre-treatment biopsy was dominant while two studies found that laparoscopic partial nephrectomy was the optimal strategy. The remaining two studies concluded that ablation was preferred. cOnclusiOns: The evidence of cost-effectiveness of management options for SRMs is limited. The findings of the available studies are inconclusive. Large, prospective, randomized clinical trials assessing various competing strategies in the management of SRMs are needed to inform better decision-making for physicians and patients.
OBJECTIVETo examine the associations of adolescent sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) and sugar intake with risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) precursors.DESIGNProspective cohort study.SETTINGNurses’ Health Study II (1998-2015), United States.PARTICIPANTS33106 women who completed a validated high school food frequency questionnaire about adolescent diet in 1998 and underwent lower gastrointestinal endoscopy between 1999 and 2015.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURESIncident CRC precursors confirmed by medical record review.RESULTSDuring follow-up, 2909 conventional adenoma, 1082 high-risk adenoma (≥1 cm in size, villous, high-grade dysplasia, or number ≥2), and 2355 serrated lesions were identified. Independent of adult intake, adolescent SSB and sugar intake was positively associated with risk of total and high-risk adenoma. Comparing ≥2 servings/day v <1 serving/week of SSB intake, multivariable odds ratios were 1.21 (95% confidence interval 1.00 to 1.47) for total and 1.21 (0.88 to 1.65) for high-risk adenoma. Per each 5% increment in calorie/day of total fructose intake, odds ratios were 1.17 (1.05 to 1.31) for total and 1.36 (1.14 to 1.62) for high-risk adenoma. By subsite, odds ratios were 1.25 (0.99 to 1.58) for proximal, 1.44 (1.12 to 1.84) for distal, and 1.74 (1.19 to 2.54) for rectal high-risk adenoma. Positive associations were stronger among women with low adolescent fruit, vegetable, or fiber intake. Among women with low fruit intake (<1.3 servings/day), odds ratios of total adenoma were 1.33 (1.11 to 1.59) for SSBs (≥1 serving/day v <1 serving/week) and 1.51 (1.26 to 1.82) for the highest quintile of total fructose (P≤0.024 for interaction). Neither SSB nor sugar intake during adolescence was associated with risk of serrated lesions.CONCLUSIONSIndependent of adult intake, adolescent SSB and sugar intake was positively associated with colorectal adenoma, especially high-risk rectal adenoma. Our findings suggest that adolescence may be a critical developmental period of enhanced susceptibility to high sugar intake, possibly promoting precancerous lesions of CRC arising through the adenoma-carcinoma sequence.What is already known on this topic-Relatively few studies have examined the association between sugar intake and colorectal neoplasia, and most prospective studies have reported null associations.-Considering the long process of colorectal carcinogenesis and recent upward trends in early-onset colorectal cancer, early-life diet may be etiologically relevant.-However, data on the relationship between high sugar intake during early-life and risk of colorectal neoplasia are lacking.What this study adds-Higher intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and sugars during adolescence was significantly associated with increased risk of total and high-risk adenoma, especially high-risk rectal adenoma, but not serrated lesions.-Positive associations were stronger among women with low fruit, vegetable, or fiber intake during adolescence.-Our results suggest that limiting sugar intake and replacing SSBs with healthy alternatives during early-life may help to reduce risk of colorectal cancer precursors.
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