Alternate changing of the steaming periods and liquid overflow allows to intensify mass transfer between liquid and steam and to reduce the specific consumption of heating steam in the process of separation of multicomponent mixtures. Known methods and models have not found widespread practical use due to the lack of mass transfer in the steam period, fluctuations in steam pressure in the collector, the complexity of constructive solutions to ensure cyclic mode, etc. The authors propose a technology for rectification, which involves the cyclic motion of the liquid without interrupting of the supply of heating steam and the construction of a rectification column for its implementation. The purpose of the work was to research the effectiveness of the proposed technology in the process of rectification of alcohol-containing fractions and to establish the specific flow rate of steam in the impurity concentration column. To ensure a cyclic mode, the column was equipped with movable liquid transfer devices connected to actuating mechanismes, which acted according to the controller program, and perforated (scale-shaped) trays. The primary task was to determine the hydrodynamic mode of operation of the contact devices - the lower and upper the critical vapor velocity of at which the liquid is retained on the plates and there is its entrainment. It is established that the vapor velocity in the free section of the column can reach 1.2 m/s or more, and in the openings of the scales must exceed the first critical velocity of 6.5-7.5 m/s. The weeping of the tray occurs at the vapor velocity in the holes of 1.5-1 m/s. The investigations were carried out in the production conditions of the Chudniv branch of SE “Zhytomyr liquor producer ”. It is experimentally proved that in the process of rectification of alcohol-containing fractions, the main impurities are removed completely, the degree of extraction of higher fusel alcohols is increased by 38%, methanol - by 15.6 %, the multiplicity of concentration of the main impurities is increased by 25 %, the higher alcohols - by 40 %, methanol – by 34 %, acrolein – by 36 %. The costs of heating steam are reduced by 30 % compared to typical installations and do not exceed 13 kg/dal of absolute alcohol introduced with feed. Exempted from the key impurities the bottom liquid of the impurity concentration column should be used for hydroselection in the purifying column.
An analysis of TPP wastewater, as well as technologies and equipment for their treatment, for choosing a rational mode and determining the maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances characteristic of the energy industry before discharge into reservoirs was carried out. The compositions of the listed effluents are different and are determined by the type of thermal power plants (TPP) and the main equipment, its capacity, type of fuel, composition of the source water, method of water treatment, etc. For example, water after cooling turbine condensers and air coolers usually carries so-called thermal pollution, since its temperature is 8...10 ºС higher than the temperature of water in the water source. In some cases, cooling water can introduce foreign substances into natural reservoirs. In order to reduce the level of soil and groundwater pollution, local wastewater treatment facilities were constructed at thermal power stations. The second method is the collection of waste water in specially created containers with subsequent purification using sedimentation tanks and filters, which have anthracite or activated carbon as a filter material. TPP waste water is diverse and the chemical composition of each of the effluents is different. Wastewater treatment technology is complex and multi-stage and requires a large amount of various equipment. The ITTF of the National Academy of Sciences has developed a multi-purpose rotor-type aeration and oxidation plant (AORT), which works according to the method of discrete-pulse energy input (DPEI). This installation makes it possible to speed up the rate of heat and mass exchange of chemical reactions in water and water systems by 25-30 %. It makes it possible to reduce the duration of cleaning processes, reduce energy consumption by 2-3 times and consumption of reagents by 20-25 %. The AORT installation is used to clean sewage from iron, manganese, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, sulfates, and nitrates.
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