Membrane processes for wastewater treatment have become one of the emerging technologies, which affords a fast development through the past few decades. This study investigated the occurrence of fouling membrane and its composition factors and its effect on membrane performance. In this study, a project pilot scale forward the opposition to cluster transport from one side to the other side of membrane is eventual of the membrane and due to the coat of material on the membrane surface and into the membrane. Effect of several parameters including trans-membrane compressing (pressure), crossflow velocity, and organic matter on microfiltration (MF) membrane fouling are investigated. The results show that the organic material existing in the actual wastewater NC30 does not induce fouling in 0.14µm MF membrane with NC fines.
Ionizing radiations resulting from radioactive materials are widely used in many applications in various fields. The industrial applications include: as consumer products, industrial radiography using γ-radiography cameras and radiography X-ray and nuclear gauging applications. In medicine they are used for diagnosis and treatment in diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine, radiation therapy and medical radionuclide's as main branches. In science and research can be mentioned: materials science, material irradiation, radiation damage research, crystal colour enhancement, tools for physics, research reactors and nuclear power plants experiments and radioisotopes production. Moreover, radiation is applicable irradiation processed articles, electronics testing, semiconductor -as silicon -production, material characterizations, biological applications, agricultural applications, archaeological applications, and tracer techniques. The workers in these applications are subject to some risks. To minimize these risks and maximize benefits it is necessary to apply radiation protection program to protect those workers. The current paper introduces the main factors for this protection in simply, followed with practical results. Some exposures are acceptable and regulated by the Egyptian Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Authority (ENRRA).
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