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Objectives:This study sought to determine the high risk factors for severe hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD).Materials and Methods:Retrospective 229 severe HFMD cases from four hospitals in FuYang, HeFei, and BoZhou (Anhui Provincial Hospital, Fuyang City People's Hospital, No. 2 People's Hospital of Fuyang and Bozhou city People's Hospital) in 2008-2009 were studied, with 140 mild HFMD cases in the same area. Using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, the high risk factors of HFMD were identified by comparing clinical and laboratory findings between severe cases and mild cases.Results:There was a significant difference in age, total duration of fever, rate of respiratory and heart, shake of limbs, white blood cell count, blood sugar, and CK-MB between the two groups. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that severe cases were associated with age (<3 years), withdrawnness and lethargy, shake of limbs, tachycardia, total leukocyte count (≥17×109/l), blood sugar (≥7 mmol/l), and CK-MB (≥16 mmol/l). Furthermore, age (<3 years), withdrawnness, and lethargy, shake of limbs, WBC (≥17×109/l), and CK-MB (≥16 mmol/l) were found to be high risk factors for severe cases after multivariate logistic regression analysis.Conclusions:Clinicians should give importance to these risk factors. Early recognition of children at risk and timely intervention is the key to reduce acute mortality and morbidity.

Background: Pneumonia, a severe infectious respiratory disease, is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in children. Cbp/P300 interacting transactivator with Glu/Asp‑rich carboxyterminal domain 2 (CITED2) functions as a transcription cofactor, and plays critical roles in the development of embryonic and extra‑embryonic tissues, including fetal lung maturation. The present study investigates the role of CITED2 in infantile pneumonia. Methods: The human fetal lung fibroblasts (MRC‑5 and WI‑38) were treated with lipopolysac‑ charides to induce cytotoxicity, and the cell viability was detected by MTT. Inflammation was evaluated by ELISA, and western blot was used to investigate the pyroptosis. Results: CITED2 was down‑regulated in lipopolysaccharide‑treated MRC‑5/WI‑38 cells. The over‑expression of CITED2 protected MRC‑5 and WI‑38 cells from lipopolysaccharide‑ induced cytotoxicity by increasing the cell viability and decreasing LDH expression. CITED2 reduced the expression of TNF‑α, IL‑6, IL‑1β in lipopolysaccharide‑treated MRC‑5/WI‑38 cells. Lipopolysaccharide stimulated pyroptosis in MRC‑5 and WI‑38 cells through the up‑regulation of NL+RP3, GSDMD‑N, caspase‑1, IL‑1β and IL‑18. However, CITED2 down‑regulated the expression of NLRP3, GSDMD‑N, caspase‑1, IL‑1β, and IL‑18 protein in lipopolysaccharide‑treated MRC‑5/ WI‑38 cells. CITED2 also down‑regulated the protein expression of p‑p65 in lipopolysaccharide‑ treated MRC‑5/WI‑38 cells. Conclusion: CITED2 exhibited anti‑inflammatory effect on lipopolysaccharide‑treated human lung fibroblasts and reduced pyroptosis through inactivation of NF‑κB pathway.

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This paper proposes a spherical gear pair with three degrees of freedom based on meshing transmission principle. The kinematic meshing relationship between the spherical gear pair is illustrated with its pitch spheres and pitch cones. This determines that the spherical gear surface is completed with two tooth surfaces of ring-involute spherical gear and a semi-spherical bevel gear. Mathematical models and numerical results of the two tooth surfaces are presented for obtaining geometry model of the spherical gear pair with the CAD three-dimensional molding technique. This study provides the basis for future studies to design and analyze a novel spherical gear.

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