The bubble swarm trajectory in the jet bubbling reactor is measured through the bubble image velocimetry (BIV) technique. The result shows that the bubble swarm rises straightly when the jet Reynolds number is lower than 7,000. However, when the jet Reynolds number exceeds 14,000, the bubble swarm exhibits vortex‐like motion, and the bubble vortices oscillate periodically. The oscillating frequency of bubble vortices under the gas bubbling condition is lower than the flapping frequency of pure liquid jet. Moreover, the moving region and oscillating frequency of bubble vortices increase with the jet Reynolds number. The superficial gas velocity has little effect on the bubble swarm trajectory and the oscillating frequency. An empirical correlation between the oscillating frequency of bubble vortices and the jet Reynolds number is built based on the simple harmonic vibration theory.
2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), which is currently prepared by catalyzing the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), is a biobased platform compound with broad market prospects. Herein, a detailed free-radical chain reaction mechanism consisting of both main and side reaction pathways was proposed to describe the liquid-phase air oxidation process of 5hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid over a Co/ Mn/Br catalyst. The higher reactivity of the hydroxymethyl group than the aldehyde group for HMF oxidation was first explained according to the retardation effect of alcohols on free-radical reactions and the reactive activity of active hydrogen on the two substituents of HMF. Considering the low stability of HMF, the possible side reactions including condensation, decarboxylation, decarbonylation, and ring-opening for HMF oxidation were further investigated. Subsequently, to obtain more reliable model parameters, a lumped kinetic scheme was developed considering only the formation of important and detectable reactants, intermediates, and products. Since the total reaction rate is not sensitive to the reactant concentration, a fractional kinetic model was adopted to correlate the experimental results and evaluate the kinetic parameters.
The photoreduction dehalogenation reaction triggered by NADH to form active carbon radicals was firstly applied in PDT to tackle hypoxia associated problems.
Phototherapy for cancer treatment has received much attention in recent years, the compounds with multiple anticancer mechanisms upon irradiation are particularly appealing. In this work, a nitro-anthraquinone group was attached...
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