We explored whether acute atorvastatin treatment would improve clinical outcomes and reduce the incidence of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in elderly Chinese adults. Patients (60 to 90 years old) were admitted to intensive care units after surgery to clip or embolize their aneurysms. We assessed 592 patients and assigned 159 to receive atorvastatin (20 mg/day) and 158 to receive placebo once daily for up to 14 days. The primary outcome was the Glasgow outcome scale at 6 months, and secondary outcomes were cerebral vasospasm, 30-days all-cause mortality, cerebral infarction, and delayed ischemic neurological deficit. The incidence of postoperative cerebral vasospasm (39.3% vs 56%, P =0.004) and cerebral infarction (18.7% vs 27.3%, P=0.027) were significantly lower in the atorvastatin group. The study did not detect benefits in the use of atorvastatin for 6 months clinical outcome or 30-day all-cause mortality, but it suggests that atorvastatin together with nimodipine can reduce cerebral vasospasm and cerebral infarction after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Anterior communicating artery aneurysms account for 23-40% of ruptured intracranial aneurysms and 12-15% of unruptured aneurysms and are the most common intracranial ruptured or unruptured aneurysms. Because they have relatively complex anatomical structures and anatomical variations and are adjacent to important blood vessels and structures, in the process of microsurgical exposure of an Anterior communicating artery aneurysm, attention should be paid not only to the anatomical characteristics of the aneurysm itself but also to the adjacent important blood vessels and perforating arteries; therefore, both surgical clipping and endovascular embolization are serious challenges for neurosurgeons. No matter which treatment is chosen, it is necessary to determine the structure of the Anterior communicating artery and its perforating arteries as well as whether there is a fenestration deformity of the Anterior communicating artery and the relationship between bilateral A1-A2 before surgery. The shape and size of the aneurysm itself and its location relative to adjacent blood vessels also need to be considered to better complete the procedure, and this is especially true for microsurgical clipping. Clarifying the anatomy before surgery is helpful for better selecting the surgical approach and surgical side, which could affect the intraoperative exposure of the aneurysm and adjacent arteries, the surgical difficulty, the resection rate, and the postoperative complications. Therefore, starting with Anterior communicating artery aneurysms and their adjacent structures and variations, this paper reviews the latest progress in surgical treatment based on anatomic specificity as well as the most recent clinical studies.

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More and more studies show that perceptual cues affect individual memory and metamemory. Judgments of Learning (JOLs) are important form of metamemory monitoring. Assessment of the racial attribute effect on face recognition and JOLs through JOLs procedure showed that the JOLs level of the participants was significantly lower than actual memory, and the metamnemonic judgement accuracy for faces of their own race was the highest; the JOLs and recognition of racial ambiguous faces were lower than their own-race faces, and was of little difference from that of otherrace faces. The results indicate a Cross-race Effect (CRE) on the judgement accuracy of faces recognition and metamemory. Keywords-face race; judgments of learning; face recognition I. *National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) "study on the brain mechanism of facial recognition and facial expression recognition of ethnic differences: a case study of han, uygur and kazak ethnic groups in Xinjiang" (No. 31660280)

Objective: To investigate color Doppler ultrasonography criteria and its value in assessing the steno-occlusion of the terminal internal carotid artery in moyamoya disease.Methods: According to the digital subtraction angiography findings, patients were divided into three groups: occlusion of the terminal internal carotid artery, >50% stenosis, and ≤50% stenosis. We measured the terminal and proximal internal carotid artery parameters of each group using transcranial and cervical color Doppler sonography.Results: Blood flow signals in 12 terminal internal carotid arteries were absent, which were verified as occlusion by digital subtraction angiography. Parameters were obtained in the remaining 159 terminal/proximal internal carotid arteries to predict cutoffs for >50% stenosis and occlusion. For >50% stenosis, mean flow velocity >88.50 cm/s in the terminal internal carotid artery could achieved the highest receiver operating characteristic curve area of 0.776 with 62.50% sensitivity, 88.15% specificity, 48.39% positive predictive values, 92.97% negative predictive value, and 84.27% overall accuracy. For the occlusion, mean flow velocity <49.50 cm/s in the terminal internal carotid artery achieve the highest receiver operating characteristic curve area of 0.734 with 55.56% sensitivity, 83.81% specificity, 63.83% positive predictive values, 78.57% negative predictive value, and 74.21% overall accuracy. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve cutoffs for other parameters were less than 0.7. Conclusion:Mean flow velocity of terminal internal carotid artery provides useful diagnostic information for detecting steno-occlusion in moyamoya disease. It may be used as an alternative tool to evaluate steno-occlusion of the terminal internal carotid artery in moyamoya disease.

This paper explores the cognitive factors that can adjust the other-race classification advantage (ORCA). 26 Han people and Uygur ethic people were selected to complete the event-related potential (ERP) experiment on different ethnic race classifications. In the experiment, the participants were required to classify a group of randomly selected target race faces to introduce cognitive factors into the task. Over the experiment, it is found that faces of non-target races can be classified faster. When the target race is inconsistent with the race of the participant, larger amplitude of P1 component can be observed. The components of N170 and thereafter are not regulated by cognitive needs, no matter which race of face is observed by the participant. The experimental result confirms the competition hypothesis of recognition/classification, predicting that the "race classification advantage" is driven by the different allocations of the processed resources rather than being decisive by the actual facial attributes.

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ObjectiveTo explore the value of color Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) to predict preoperatively and evaluate postoperatively the collateral development of two common revascularizations in patients with moyamoya disease (MMD).MethodsWe prospectively enrolled 49 patients with MMD who underwent unilateral superficial temporal artery (STA) -middle cerebral artery (MCA) anastomosis or encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis (EDAS). The parameters of the extracranial arteries, including STA, internal carotid artery (ICA), external carotid artery (ECA), and vertebral artery (VA), were performed before and at 3–6 months after surgery. DSA results were used to assess surgical collateral development.ResultsTo predict good collateral development before STA-MCA anastomosis, the preoperative D &gt; 1.75 mm in the STA had the highest area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC). To predict good collateral development before EDAS, the preoperative EDV &gt; 12.00 cm/s in the STA had the highest AUC. To evaluate the good collateral development after STA-MCA anastomosis, the postoperative EDV &gt; 16.50 cm/s in the STA had the highest AUC. To evaluate the good collateral development after EDAS, an increase of D of 0.15 mm in the STA had the highest AUC. Logistic regression analysis showed that the preoperative RI and EDV in the STA were highly correlated with collateral development. Besides, the preoperative RI was an independent risk factor for collateral development.ConclusionCDU could predict preoperatively and evaluate postoperatively the collateral development of STA-MCA anastomosis and EDAS surgery postoperatively by detecting ultrasound parameters of the STA.