Salinity stress from soil or irrigation water can significantly limit the growth and development of plants. Emerging evidence suggests that hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), as a versatile signal molecule, can ameliorate salt stress-induced adverse effects. However, the possible physiological mechanism underlying H 2 S-alleviated salt stress in cucumber remains unclear. Here, a pot experiment was conducted with an aim to examine the possible mechanism of H 2 S in enhancement of cucumber salt stress tolerance. The results showed that H 2 S ameliorated salt-induced growth inhibition and alleviated the reduction in photosynthetic attributes, chlorophyll fluorescence and stomatal parameters. Meanwhile H 2 S increased the endogenous H 2 S level concomitant with increased activities of D/L-cysteine desulfhydrase and β-cyanoalanine synthase and decreased activities of O-acetyl-L-serine(thiol)lyase under excess NaCl. Notably, H 2 S maintained Na + and K + homeostasis via regulation of the expression of PM H + -ATPase , SOS1 and SKOR at the transcriptional level under excess NaCl. Moreover, H 2 S alleviated salt-induced oxidative stress as indicated by lowered lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species accumulation through an enhanced antioxidant system. Altogether, these results demonstrated that application of H 2 S could protect cucumber seedlings against salinity stress, likely by keeping the Na + /K + balance, controlling the endogenous H 2 S level by regulating the H 2 S synthetic and decomposition enzymes, and preventing oxidative stress by enhancing the antioxidant system under salinity stress.
In a previous study, we found that H 2 S alleviates salinity stress in cucumber by maintaining the Na + /K + balance and by regulating H 2 S metabolism and the oxidative stress response. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms behind H 2 S-regulated saltstress tolerance in cucumber. Here, an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis based on RNA-seq and 2-DE was used to investigate the global mechanism underlying H 2 S-regulated salt-stress tolerance. In total, 11,761 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 61 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified. Analysis of the pathways associated with the DEGs showed that salt stress enriched expression of genes in primary and energy metabolism, such as photosynthesis, carbon metabolism and biosynthesis of amino acids. Application of H 2 S significantly decreased these DEGs but enriched DEGs related to plant-pathogen interaction, sulfur-containing metabolism, cell defense, and signal transduction pathways. Notably, changes related to sulfur-containing metabolism and cell defense were also observed through proteome analysis, such as Cysteine synthase 1, Glutathione S-transferase U25-like, Protein disulfide-isomerase, and Peroxidase 2. We present the first global analysis of the mechanism underlying H 2 S regulation of salt-stress tolerance in cucumber through tracking changes in the expression of specific proteins and genes.
Neural stem cell aging is a fundamental question in neurogenesis. Premature nuclear Pros is considered as an indicator of early neural stem cell aging in Drosophila. The underlying mechanism of how neural stem cells prevent premature nuclear Pros remains largely unknown. Here we identified that two pipsqueak family genes, distal antenna (dan) and distal antenna-related (danr), promote the proliferation of neural stem cells (also called neuroblasts, NBs) in third instar larval brains. In the absence of Dan and Danr (dan/danr), the NBs produce fewer daughter cells with smaller lineage sizes. The larval brain NBs in dan/danr clones show premature accumulation of nuclear Prospero (Pros), which usually appears in the terminating NBs at early pupal stage. The premature nuclear Pros leads to NBs cell cycle defects and NB identities loss. Removal of Pros from dan/danr MARCM clones prevents lineage size shrinkage and rescues the loss of NB markers. We propose that the timing of nuclear Pros is after the downregulation of dan/danr in the wt terminating NBs. dan/danr and nuclear Pros are mutually exclusive in NBs. In addition, dan/danr are also required for the late temporal regulator, Grainyhead (Grh), in third instar larval brains. Our study uncovers the novel function of dan/danr in NBs cell fate maintenance. dan/danr antagonize nuclear Pros to prevent NBs aging in Drosophila larval brains.
Background Neural stem cell fate is regulated for the systematic production of a precise quantity of neurons during the development of the central nervous system. Results Here we found that two Drosophila pipsqueak family genes, distal antenna (dan) and distal antenna-related (danr), promote the proliferation of neural stem cells, termed neuroblasts (NBs), in third instar larval brains. In the absence of Dan and Danr (Dan/Danr), the NBs produce fewer daughter cells with smaller MARCM clone (lineage) sizes. The larval brain NBs in dan/danr clones show premature accumulation of nuclear Prospero (Pros), which only appears in the wildtype (wt) terminating NBs at early pupal stage. The premature nuclear Pros leads to NBs cell cycle defects and NB marker loss. Removal of Pros from dan/danr MARCM clones prevents lineage size shrinkage and rescues the loss of NB marker expression. Our data show that the appearance of nuclear Pros is behind the downregulation of Dan/Danr in the wt terminating NBs. We demonstrate that Dan/Danr and nuclear Pros are mutually exclusive in NBs. In addition, Dan/Danr are partially required for the late temporal regulator, Grainyhead (Grh), in third instar larval brain NBs. Conclusion Together our study uncovers the novel function of Dan/Danr in NB cell fate maintenance. Dan/Danr antagonize nuclear Pros, preventing NBs from premature decommission in Drosophila third instar larval brains.
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