Floridean starch and floridoside are the main storage carbohydrates of red algae. However, their complete metabolic pathways and the origin, function, and regulatory mechanism of their pathway genes have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we identified their metabolic pathway genes and analyzed the changes in related gene expression and metabolite content in Neoporphyra haitanensis under continuous dark conditions. Our results showed that genes from different sources, including eukaryotic hosts, cyanobacteria, and bacteria, were combined to construct floridean starch and floridoside metabolic pathways in N. haitanensis. Moreover, compared with those in the control, under continuous dark conditions, floridean starch biosynthesis genes and some degradation genes were significantly upregulated with no significant change in floridean starch content, whereas floridoside degradation genes were significantly upregulated with a significant decrease in floridoside content. This implies that floridean starch content is maintained but floridoside is consumed in N. haitanensis under dark conditions. This study elucidates the “floridean starch–floridoside” metabolic network and its gene origins in N. haitanensis for the first time.
Complete chloroplast genome of Sargassum horneri was obtained in this work. Circular mapping revealed that the complete chloroplast DNA sequences of S. horneri was 124,075 bp in length and had an overall AT content of 69.41%, including 139 protein-coding genes, 28 transfer RNA genes, and 6 ribosomal RNA genes. The phylogenetic tree shows that S. horneri and Sargassum confusum constituted a sister clade along with Fucus vesiculosus.
The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Sargassum fusiforme is presented here. Circular mapping revealed that the complete chloroplast DNA sequence of S. fusiforme was 124,298 bp in length and had an overall AT content of 69.57%, including 137 protein-coding genes, 2 open reading frames, 28 transfer RNA genes, and 6 ribosomal RNA genes. The phylogenetic tree based on Bayesian shows that all kinds of Phaeophyceae were clustered into two monophyletic groups. ARTICLE HISTORY
Algae are the oldest taxa on Earth, with an evolutionary relationship that spans prokaryotes (Cyanobacteria) and eukaryotes. A long evolutionary history has led to high algal diversity. Their organelle DNAs are characterized by uniparental inheritance and a compact genome structure compared with nuclear genomes; thus, they are efficient molecular tools for the analysis of gene structure, genome structure, organelle function and evolution. However, an integrated organelle genome database for algae, which could enable users to both examine and use relevant data, has not previously been developed. Therefore, to provide an organelle genome platform for algae, we have developed a user-friendly database named Organelle Genome Database for Algae (OGDA, http://ogda.ytu.edu.cn/). OGDA contains organelle genome data either retrieved from several public databases or sequenced in our laboratory (Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organism [MOGBL]), which are continuously updated. The first release of OGDA contains 1055 plastid genomes and 755 mitochondrial genomes. Additionally, a variety of applications have been integrated into this platform to analyze the structural characteristics, collinearity and phylogeny of organellar genomes for algae. This database represents a useful tool for users, enabling the rapid retrieval and analysis of information related to organellar genomes for biological discovery.
For heteromorphic algae with alternating generations, the thallus and gametophyte phases are different morphologies in free-living life history.The thalli are popular used as traditional vegetables and herbal drugs, whereas the gametophyte phases are little involved. To better understand the functional lipids in the gametophyte phase of three commercial kelps, Saccharina japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, and Costaria costata, the contents of total lipids (TLs), fatty acid (FA) profiles, and transcriptomic analysis were performed. For the studied kelps, the TL contents in gametophyte phase were always almost twice more than those in the thallus, and the kelp species, their life stage, and the gender were critical factors affecting lipid accumulation. The gametophyte phases of U. pinnatifida and C. costata were rich in essential FA C18:2 n − 6 and C18:3 n − 3.The S. japonica gametophyte phase contained abundant C20:5 n − 3 and C18:4 n − 3, possessed an ideal ratio of n − 6/n − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid below 1.0, and was supported by the transcriptome data which showed that the key sjD12/15 (n − 3) gene of gametophyte partially upregulated than sporophyte. The results suggested that S. japonica gametophyte phase was the worthiest of further development and utilization as a functional food.
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