New energy industry including electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage in smart grids requires energy storage systems of good safety, high reliability, high energy density and low cost. Here a coated Li metal is used as anode for an aqueous rechargeable lithium battery (ARLB) combining LiMn2O4 as cathode and 0.5 mol l−1 Li2SO4 aqueous solution as electrolyte. Due to the “cross-over” effect of Li+ ions in the coating, this ARLB delivers an output voltage of about 4.0 V, a big breakthrough of the theoretic stable window of water, 1.229 V. Its cycling is very excellent with Coulomb efficiency of 100% except in the first cycle. Its energy density can be 446 Wh kg−1, about 80% higher than that for traditional lithium ion battery. Its power efficiency can be above 95%. Furthermore, its cost is low and safety is much reliable. It provides another chemistry for post lithium ion batteries.
Carbon coated MoO 2 nanobelts were successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal method followed by calcination under inert atmosphere, using a-MoO 3 nanobelts as the precursor and self-template, ethanol as the reducer and glucose as the carbon source. Under the protection of polysaccharide resulting from glucose polycondensation, the 1-D morphology can be well retained during the reduction and carbonization processes. Tested as anode materials for lithium ion batteries, the carbon coated MoO 2 nanobelts exhibit a reversible capacity of 769.3 mA h g À1 at a current density of 100 mA g À1 in the first cycle, and retain 80.2% of the capacity after 30 cycles. When the current density increases, this material shows high rate capability and good cycling performance.
A rechargeable lithium battery, Li//Br, is reported using an aqueous bromide/tribromide redox pair and a coated lithium metal as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The positive Br 2 electrode shows fast redox kinetics and good stability. This battery presents excellent electrochemical performance with an average discharge voltage up to 3.96 V at 1.7 mA cm À2 , an energy density of 1220Wh kg À1 , a power density of 29.7 mW cm À2 at a current density of 12.8 mA cm À2 , and a long cycling life.There is no evidence of voltage decrease after 100 cycles at 35% DOD. It would become a good platform between lithium ion batteries and Li//air batteries since the former shows lower energy density and the latter has some challenging problems that need to be solved prior to practical application. This finding presents another promising choice for electrochemical energy storage systems. † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Ionic conductivity of aqueous positive electrode, changes of LiBr solution before and aer charge, electrochemical window of GC electrode, stability of Br electrode and LISICON, discharge voltage curves in different current density and comparison between different aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries. See
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