Sphincter of oddi dysfunction (Sod) is a benign obstructive disorder predominantly resulting from spasms of the So. Pharmacological therapies aim to induce So relaxation; the hypercholesterolemic (Hc) rabbit is the only Sod model available for study. in the present study, So muscle strips, intracellular calcium ion concentrations and the mrna expression levels of the α1c subunit of the l-type calcium channel in the So muscle cells of Hc rabbits were employed to investigate the effects of paeoniflorin (PF). Alterations in l-type calcium channel α subunit 1c mrna and protein expression in So cells with Hc following the application of different concentrations of PF were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The whole cell patch clamp technique was used to observe the effects of different concentrations of paeoniflorin on L-type calcium channel current. The results of the present study demonstrated that PF induced the relaxation of So muscle strips and reduced the intracellular calcium concentration in the So muscle cells of Hc rabbits. in addition, PF decreased the mRNA expression levels of the α1c subunit of the l-type calcium channel and reduced the l-type calcium channel current in So cells. These results suggested that the mechanism underlying the relaxation of the So muscle by PF may be associated with the reduction of calcium ion influx via L-type calcium channels.
The production of a low permeability reservoir decreases rapidly by depletion development, and it needs to supplement formation energy to obtain stable production. Common energy supplement methods include water injection and gas injection. Nitrogen injection is an economic and effective development method for specific reservoir types. In order to study the feasibility and reasonable injection parameters of nitrogen injection development of fractured reservoir, this paper uses long cores to carry out displacement experiment. Firstly, the effects of water injection and nitrogen injection development of a fractured reservoir are compared through experiments to demonstrate the feasibility of nitrogen injection development of the fractured reservoir. Secondly, the effects of gas-water alternate displacement after water drive and gas-water alternate displacement after gas drive are compared through experiments to study the situation of water injection or gas injection development. Finally, the reasonable parameters of nitrogen gas-water alternate injection are optimized by orthogonal experimental design. Results show that nitrogen injection can effectively enhance oil production of the reservoir with natural fractures in early periods, but gas channeling easily occurs in continuous nitrogen flooding. After water flooding, gas-water alternate flooding can effectively reduce the injection pressure and improve the reservoir recovery, but the time of gas-water alternate injection cannot be too late. It is revealed that the factors influencing the nitrogen-water alternative effect are sorted from large to small as follows: cycle injected volume, nitrogen and water slug ratio, and injection rate. The optimal cycle injected volume is around 1 PV, the nitrogen and water slug ratio is between 1 and 2, and the injection rate is between 0.1 and 0.2 mL/min.
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