Camellia is a well-known ornamental flower native to Southeast of Asia, including regions such as Japan, Korea and South China. However, most species in the genus Camellia are cold sensitive. To elucidate the cold stress responses in camellia plants, we carried out deep transcriptome sequencing of ‘Jiangxue’, a cold-tolerant cultivar of Camellia japonica, and approximately 1,006 million clean reads were generated using Illumina sequencing technology. The assembly of the clean reads produced 367,620 transcripts, including 207,592 unigenes. Overall, 28,038 differentially expressed genes were identified during cold acclimation. Detailed elucidation of responses of transcription factors, protein kinases and plant hormone signalling-related genes described the interplay of signal that allowed the plant to fine-tune cold stress responses. On the basis of global gene regulation of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis- and jasmonic acid biosynthesis-related genes, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathways were deduced to be involved in the low temperature responses in C. japonica. These results were supported by the determination of the fatty acid composition and jasmonic acid content. Our results provide insights into the genetic and molecular basis of the responses to cold acclimation in camellia plants.
Aims and objectives
The study aims to explore and describe nurses' behaviours towards physical restraint (PR) use in intensive care units (ICUs) and identify key characteristics of these experiences.
Background
Patients within the ICU are always vulnerable, which requires a thoughtful deliberation when employing PR in ethically laden situations. Considering that the qualitative study on nurses' behaviours towards PR use in ICUs is limited, a deep understanding of how nurses reason and restrict patients is necessary before developing a minimizing programme in hospitals.
Methods
A descriptive qualitative study was conducted in this paper. Data were collected by 24 semistructured, in‐depth and individual interviews about PR, where 24 nurses were drawn from six ICUs of four hospital settings from a comprehensive tertiary care hospital in Qingdao. The QSR NVivo 11.0 software program was used to manage the interview data, and data analysis was guided by the Qualitative Analysis Guide of Leuven. The checklist of Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies was followed as a guideline in reporting the study.
Results
Regarding PR, nurses' behaviours start with a hazard perception, followed by hesitation about whether to restrict the patient. They would usually decide to apply PR when they think that no other choice to control the situation is available. Then, they would reflect on and rationalize their behaviours. Nurses, intensivists, patients and their families participate in and affect this process directly or indirectly.
Conclusions
Nurses' behaviours towards PR use comprise a series of complex processes centred on safety. Nurses' decision making should be performed with the participation of intensivists, patients and family caregivers.
Acute liver rejection is one of the most severe complications that may affect the liver transplantation procedure. Thus, one of the most important focal points in the field of liver transplantation research is to discover a non-invasive or less-invasive method of diagnosing and predicting cases of acute liver rejection. In the present study, 59 tissue samples, including blood and liver tissues, were collected from patients who underwent liver transplantation between March 2005 and November 2009. The patients were divided into acute rejection and no rejection groups, the latter of which was further divided into normal and abnormal liver function groups. The samples were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry methods. The results were analyzed and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted. The area under the ROC curve and the sensitivity and specificity of the cut-off point were analyzed statistically. The results indicated that the expression level of human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) in the serum and liver samples in the acute rejection group was markedly lower than that in the no rejection group (P<0.001 and P=0.004, respectively). Furthermore, in the no rejection group, no statistically significant difference was identified in the level of HLA-G between patients with normal or abnormal liver function (P=0.0593). The area under the ROC curve was 0.805. When 2.41 U/ml HLA-G was considered as the cut-off point for the diagnosis of acute liver rejection, the sensitivity and specificity were 72.7 and 83.8%, respectively. In conclusion, in the present study, a high expression of the HLA-G was shown to correlate with a reduced occurrence of acute liver rejection. HLA-G may thus be an effective factor for the diagnosis and prediction of acute liver rejection.
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