Novel
sunscreen products based on bioadhesive/gel systems that
can prevent the skin penetration behaviors of UV filters have attracted
increasing attention in recent years. However, integration is very
difficult to achieve and control on the wet surface of the skin under
sweaty/dynamic physiological conditions, resulting in functional failure.
Herein, we demonstrated the fabrication of a novel dual-network hydrogel
sunscreen (DNHS) based on poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA)
and tannic acid (TA), which demonstrated prominent UV protection properties
across broad UVA and UVB regions (360–275 nm). Due to a three-dimensional
network microstructure and a highly hydrated nature that mimics the
extracellular matrix of natural skin, DNHS can perfectly match the
skin surface without irritation and sensitization. In addition, the
intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions of γ-PGA and TA provide
an important driving force for coacervation, which endows the DNHS
with remarkable self-recovery properties (within 60 s). Moreover,
due to the multiple interfacial interactions between γ-PGA/TA
and the protein-rich skin tissue surfaces, DNHS simultaneously possesses
excellent skin-integration and water-resistance capacities, and it
can be readily removed on demand. Our results highlight the potential
of the DNHS to be used in next-generation sunscreens by providing
long-term and stable UV protection functions even under sweaty/dynamic
physiological conditions.
BackgroundAutoimmune diseases (AIDs) are a class of chronic disabling diseases characterized by inflammation and damage to muscles, joints, bones, and internal organs. Recent studies have shown that much progress has been made in the research of exosomes in AIDs. However, there is no bibliometric analysis in this research field. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge structure and research hotspots of exosomes in AIDs through bibliometrics.MethodPublications related to exosomes in AIDs from 2002 to 2021 were searched on the web of science core collection (WoSCC) database. VOSviewers, CiteSpace and R package “bibliometrix” were used to conduct this bibliometric analysis.Results312 articles from 48 countries led by China and the United States were included. The number of publications related to exosomes in AIDs is increasing year by year. Central South University, Sun Yat Sen University, Tianjin Medical University and University of Pennsylvania are the main research institutions. Frontiers in immunology is the most popular journal in this field, and Journal of Immunology is the most co-cited journal. These publications come from 473 authors among which Ilias Alevizos, Qianjin Lu, Wei Wei, Jim Xiang and Ming Zhao had published the most papers and Clotilde Théry was co-cited most often. Studying the mechanism of endogenous exosomes in the occurrence and development of AIDs and the therapeutic strategy of exogenous exosomes in AIDs are the main topics in this research field. “Mesenchymal stem cells”, “microRNA”, “biomarkers”, “immunomodulation”, and “therapy” are the primary keywords of emerging research hotspots.ConclusionThis is the first bibliometric study that comprehensively summarizes the research trends and developments of exosomes in AIDs. This information identifies recent research frontiers and hot directions, which will provide a reference for scholars studying exosomes.
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