To address the difficulties related to acquiring Japanese compound verbs, which lack the clarity of verb combinations and the opacity of compound verb meanings, we designed and developed an augmented reality (AR) learning system based on image schema and AR animations. We investigated the effects of the AR-based language learning system developed in this study on the learning performance and cognitive load of an AR learning system and paper-based image schema materials. This study also examined the correlation between learning performance and cognitive load. Learners of these two learning methods had significantly improved performance on post-tests. Especially, regarding the retention of knowledge, the AR learning system was more effective. However, there was no significant difference in the perceived cognitive loads between the two learning methods. It is also found that the learning performance of the two learning methods was related to the perceived different types of cognitive load.
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of content and language integrated learning (CLIL) designed according to the First Principle of Instruction (FPI). Fifteen hours Japanese CLIL course was implemented. A total of 16 university students attended the course and multiple data sources, including learning tests, questionnaire feedback, and dialogue of the group discussion, were collected and examined. As a result, students' learning outcomes, including basic Japanese proficiency, intercultural communication content, and writing skills, were statistically significantly improved. Students have a high level of awareness of the elements of FPI designed in the course. In addition, all the FPI elements had a positive impact on basic Japanese proficiency except for the application element: the problem-centered, application, and integration elements positively impacted intercultural communication content and writing skills. The results showed that students had individual differences in using the worksheet to summarize their writing ideas. Students spent most of the time in the group discussions in their native language. Even when Japanese was used, Japanese words were used rather than whole sentences in most cases. The results of the quantitative and qualitative analyses showed that the use of problem-centered theory FPI had a positive impact on the design of the CLIL. However, attention needs to be paid to students' individual differences and the guidance of students in applying basic language knowledge in problem-centered learning activities. Finally, it puts forward some points that should be considered when designing CLIL in the future.
Background Augmented reality has been widely applied in various fields, and its benefits in language learning have been increasingly recognized. However, the investigation of effective learning behaviours and processes in augmented reality learning environments, taking into account temporality and analysis of differences in learning behaviours between learning achievements from the perspective of learning strategies, is still a topic that requires further research. Objectives The goal of this research is to explore effective learning processes in AR language learning environments and learning behavioural patterns of learners with different performance levels via LA taking into account temporality. Methods We used the learning application designed and developed in previous studies to understand the learning process and behavioural patterns of acquiring Japanese compound verbs with augmented reality. Lag sequential analyses were conducted to analyse the learning behavioural transitions using learning data. Additionally, frequent sequences were analysed using frequent sequence mining to compare the learning behavioural patterns of learners with different learning performances. Results and Conclusions We investigated the learning process and behavioural patterns and discussed the language learning strategies employed in the augmented reality learning environment. The results indicated that learners primarily performed strategies of performed expressions, recombining, and structured reviewing in AR compound verb learning activities. Furthermore, the results revealed the different types of strategies applied by different learning performance learners, whereby the low group learners used the least variety of strategies, and the middle and high group learners employed repeating and deductive reasoning strategies that were not followed by the low group.
Recently, the number of learners of Japanese as a foreign language (JFL) has been increasing. In Japanese language acquisition, compound verbs (verbs that are composed of two verbs, e.g., tobikomu 'jump into') are frequently used in daily life; these present difficulties, including unclarity of combination and opacity of meaning. Matsuda (2001) proposed an image schema that applies core theory to Japanese compound verbs and the application of image schemas to Japanese language education. However, since image schemas are composed of simple diagrams and arrows and are highly sophisticated due to being intended for linguists, it has been suggested that they are not easy for JFL learners to understand (Tagawa and Yuizono, 2016). In this paper, we designed and developed a compound verb AR learning system with core theory and image schemas. Moreover, we discussed Japanese compound verbs acquisition, the image schema of compound verbs as well as the application of AR in learning, and also explained the design and development of the system based on problems in compound verb acquisition.
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