Heat shock protein 70s (Hsp70s) are a class of molecular chaperones that are highly conserved and ubiquitous in organisms ranging from microorganisms to plants and humans. Hsp70s play key roles in cellular development and protecting living organisms from environmental stresses such as heat, drought, salinity, acidity, and cold. However, their functions in pathogenic fungi are largely unknown. Here, a total of 14 FpHsp70 genes were identified in Fusarium pseudograminearum , including 3 in the mitochondria, 7 in the cytoplasm, 2 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 1 in the nucleus, and 1 in the plastid. However, the exon–intron boundaries and protein motifs of the FpHsp70 have no consistency in the same subfamily. Expression analysis revealed that most FpHsp70 genes were up-regulated during infection, implying that FpHsp70 genes may play important roles in F . pseudograminearum pathogenicity. Furthermore, knockout of an ER lumenal Hsp70 homolog FpLhs1 gene reduced growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity in F . pseudograminearum . These mutants also showed a defect in secretion of some proteins. Together, FpHsp70s might play essential roles in F . pseudograminearum and FpLhs1 is likely to act on the development and virulence by regulating protein secretion.
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in eukaryotes with roles in development and the virulence of plant fungal pathogens. However, few reports on autophagy in oomycete species have been published. Here, we identified 26 autophagy-related genes (ATGs) belonging to 20 different groups in Phytophthora sojae using a genome-wide survey, and core ATGs in oomycetes were used to construct a preliminary autophagy pathway model. Expression profile analysis revealed that these ATGs are broadly expressed and that the majority of them significantly increase during infection stages, suggesting a central role for autophagy in virulence. Autophagy in P. sojae was detected using a GFPPsAtg8 fusion protein and the fluorescent dye MDC during rapamycin and starvation treatment. In addition, autophagy was significantly induced during sporangium formation and cyst germination. Silencing PsAtg6a in P. sojae significantly reduced sporulation and pathogenicity. Furthermore, a PsAtg6a-silenced strain showed haustorial formation defects. These results suggested that autophagy might play essential roles in both the development and infection mechanism of P. sojae.Autophagy is a conserved cellular process in which cytoplasmic contents are degraded within a lysosome or vacuole, and the resulting macromolecular constituents are recycled 1, 2 . Cytoplasmic materials are degraded to produce amino acids and fatty acids during periods of autophagy 3 . Therefore, autophagy is essential for cell survival under various stress conditions, such as starvation 4 . Recent studies have revealed a wide variety of physiological roles for autophagy and its relevance to diseases. In many well-characterized plant pathogenic fungi, such as Magnaporthe grisea, Fusarium graminearum and Ustilago maydis, autophagy has been associated with development and virulence [5][6][7][8][9] .During autophagy, cup-shaped, single-membrane-bound structures called isolation membranes appear and expand, resulting in cytosol and organelle sequestration 10 . Eventually, spherical, double-membrane-bound structures called autophagosomes are formed, which are delivered to lysosomes for fusion or vacuoles for degradation of contents 11 . This process requires the concerted actions of a distinctive set of proteins named ATG (autophagy-related). The core autophagy machinery can be divided into different subgroups: the Atg1 protein kinase complex (Atg1, Atg13 and Atg17-Atg31-Atg29 subcomplex) is essential for initiating induction 12 ; the Atg14-containing phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase complex (beclin 1/Atg6, Vps34 and Vps15 with Atg14), which is essential for the recruitment of ATG proteins to the phagophore assembly site for vesicle nucleation; the Atg2-Atg18 complex and the Atg12-Atg5 protein conjugation system, which are involved in vesicle expansion and completion 13,14 ; and the Atg9-containing membrane protein recycling system 15 . ATG genes have been studied in many eukaryotic organisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arabidopsis thaliana, Caenorhabditis elegans and ...
Fusarium pseudograminearum is an important pathogen of Fusarium crown rot and Fusarium head blight, which is able to infect wheat and barley worldwide, causing great economic losses. Transcription factors (TFs) of the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) protein family control important processes in all eukaryotes. In this study, we identified a gene, designated FpAda1, encoding a bZIP TF in F. pseudograminearum. The homolog of FpAda1 is also known to affect hyphal growth in Neurospora crassa. Deletion of FpAda1 in F. pseudograminearum resulted in defects in hyphal growth, mycelial branching and conidia formation. Pathogenicity assays showed that virulence of the Δfpada1 mutant was dramatically decreased on wheat coleoptiles and barley leaves. However, wheat coleoptile inoculation assay showed that Δfpada1 could penetrate and proliferate in wheat cells. Moreover, the FpAda1 was required for abnormal nuclear morphology in conidia and transcription of FpCdc2 and FpCdc42. Taken together, these results indicate that FpAda1 is an important transcription factor involved in growth and development in F. pseudograminearum.
A meta‐analysis study to assess the influence of instant surgery (IS) compared with conservative therapy (CT) on paediatric complicated acute appendicitis (CAA) post‐surgery wounds. A comprehensive literature examination until January 2023 was implemented, and 2098 linked studies were appraised. The picked studies contained 66 674 subjects with paediatric CAA post‐surgery wounds in the picked studies' baseline; 64 643 of them were using IS, and 2031 were using CT. The odds ratio (OR) in addition to 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to calculate the consequence of the IS compared with the CT on paediatric CAA post‐surgery wounds using the dichotomous and continuous styles and a fixed or random model. The IS had a significantly higher wound infection (OR, 4.97; 95% CI, 2.35–10.54, P < .001) with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 57%) compared with the CT in a paediatric CAA post‐surgery wound. However, no significant difference was found between IS and CT in total antibiotic duration (MD, −5.34; 95% CI,−12.67 to −1.98, P = .15) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 95%) in paediatric CAA post‐surgery wounds. The IS had a significantly higher wound infection; however, no significant difference was found in total antibiotic duration compared with the CT in paediatric CAA post‐surgery wounds. Although precautions should be taken when commerce with the consequences because most of the studies picked for this meta‐analysis had low sample sizes.
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