The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) undergoes conformational transitions consequent to CD4 binding and coreceptor engagement during viral entry. The physical steps in this process are becoming defined, but less is known about their significance as targets of antibodies potentially protective against HIV-1 infection. Here we probe the functional significance of transitional epitope exposure by characterizing 41 human mAbs specific for epitopes exposed on trimeric Env after CD4 engagement. These mAbs recognize three epitope clusters: cluster A, the gp120 face occluded by gp41 in trimeric Env; cluster B, a region proximal to the coreceptor-binding site (CoRBS) and involving the V1/V2 domain; and cluster C, the coreceptor-binding site. The mAbs were evaluated functionally by antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and for neutralization of Tiers 1 and 2 pseudoviruses. All three clusters included mAbs mediating ADCC. However, there was a strong potency bias for cluster A, which harbors at least three potent ADCC epitopes whose cognate mAbs have electropositive paratopes. Cluster A epitopes are functional ADCC targets during viral entry in an assay format using virionsensitized target cells. In contrast, only cluster C contained epitopes that were recognized by neutralizing mAbs. There was significant diversity in breadth and potency that correlated with epitope fine specificity. In contrast, ADCC potency had no relationship with neutralization potency or breadth for any epitope cluster. Thus, Fcmediated effector function and neutralization coselect with specificity in anti-Env antibody responses, but the nature of selection is distinct for these two antiviral activities.

The RV144 vaccine trial implicated epitopes in the C1 region of gp120 (A32-like epitopes) as targets of potentially protective antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses. A32-like epitopes are highly immunogenic, as infected or vaccinated individuals frequently produce antibodies specific for these determinants. Antibody titers, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against these epitopes, however, do not consistently correlate with protection. Here, we report crystal structures of CD4-stabilized gp120 cores complexed with the Fab fragments of two nonneutralizing, A32-like monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), N5-i5 and 2.

The oncoprotein MDM2 negatively regulates the activity and stability of the p53 tumor suppressor, and is an important molecular target for anticancer therapy. Aided by mirror image phage display and native chemical ligation, we have previously discovered several proteolysis-resistant duodecimal D-peptide antagonists of MDM2, termed DPMI-α, β, γ. The prototypic D-peptide inhibitor DPMI-α binds (25-109)MDM2 at an affinity of 220 nM, and kills tumor cells in vitro and inhibits tumor growth in vivo by reactivating the p53 pathway. Herein, we report the design of a super-active D-peptide antagonist of MDM2, termed DPMI-δ, of which the binding affinity for (25-109)MDM2 has been improved over DPMI-α by three orders of magnitude (Kd = 220 pM). X-ray crystallographic studies validate DPMI-δ as an exceedingly potent inhibitor of the p53-MDM2 interaction, promising to be a highly attractive lead drug candidate for anticancer therapeutic development.

Background: Human ␣-defensin HD5 is a multifunctional antimicrobial peptide whose functional determinants have yet to be elucidated. Results: Alanine scanning mutagenesis aided by x-ray crystallography identified Leu 29 at the dimer interface as crucial; N-methylation of Glu 21 to debilitate HD5 dimerization also affected activity. Conclusion: Dimerization and hydrophobicity are important for HD5 function. Significance: The molecular basis of ␣-defensin function is better understood.

The 14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved molecules that function as intracellular adaptors in a variety of biological processes, such as signal transduction, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. Here, we show that a 14-3-3 protein is a heat-shock protein (Hsp) that protects cells against physiological stress as its new cellular function. We have observed that, in Drosophila cells, the 14-3-3 is up-regulated under heat stress conditions, a process mediated by a heat shock transcription factor. As the biological action linked to heat stress, 14-3-3 interacted with apocytochrome c, a mitochondrial precursor protein of cytochrome c, in heat-treated cells, and the suppression of 14-3-3 expression by RNA interference resulted in the formation of significant amounts of aggregated apocytochrome c in the cytosol. The aggregated apocytochrome c was converted to a soluble form by the addition of 14-3-3 protein and ATP in vitro. 14-3-3 also resolubilized heat-aggregated citrate synthase and facilitated its reactivation in cooperation with Hsp70/Hsp40 in vitro. Our observations provide the first direct evidence that a 14-3-3 protein functions as a stress-induced molecular chaperone that dissolves and renaturalizes thermal-aggregated proteins.