Highlights d O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) deficiency impairs host defense against RNA virus d Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) is O-GlcNAcylated at multiple sites d O-GlcNAcylation of MAVS is critical for the activation of interferon signaling d D-glucosamine protects mice against lethal RNA viruses

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The influence of paleoclimate on the depositional process of lacustrine mudstone and organic matter accumulation is important to both paleoclimate reconstruction and hydrocarbon exploration. Here we study the lower third Member (Es3L) of the Eocene Shahejie Formation in the Zhanhua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China in order to understand how paleoclimate influenced depositional processes and organic matter accumulation of lacustrine organic-rich mudstone. By combining detailed core descriptions and microscopic observations, and high-resolution mineralogical and geochemical analyses, we identified two major lithofacies, including massive calcareous mudstone and laminated calcareous mudstone, from the Luo 69 drilling core. The sedimentologic observations and changes of geochemical proxies, including detritus index, Ln(Al2O3/Na2O), B/Ga, and V/(V+Ni), suggest that the massive calcareous mudstone was deposited in a small, shallow, salt lake that was dysoxic-anoxic, and the paleoclimate in the lake catchment was cool and arid, and the laminated calcareous mudstone was deposited in a large and deep stratified lake, which has anoxic, highly saline bottom and oxic, less saline surface water, and the lake catchment was more humid and warm. The dominant lithofacies changed from laminated calcareous mudstone to massive calcareous mudstone in the studied core, suggesting that the lake became shallower and smaller when the paleoclimate 3 became cooler and drier through time. Such a climate trend may be a response to global cooling during the middle Eocene. The average total organic content (TOC) in both lacustrine highstand and lowstand are comparable even though the lake water chemistry and amount of terrigenous input are different. We infer that the accumulation of organic matter within the lacustrine highstand was controlled by the combination of primary productivity, carbonate production, and preservation in anoxic bottom water, while accumulation within lacustrine lowstand was only controlled by primary productivity.

The Yangtze Sea of the South China Craton experienced strong environmental perturbations during the first ~5-6 Myr of the Silurian. The Lower Silurian Lungmachi Formation in the Jiaoye-1 drillcore (Chongqing, China) records three sea-level cycles (stratigraphic sequences) characterized by rapid deepening at the base of each cycle followed by slow shallowing. Each deepening event was associated with shifts toward higher marine productivity, more intensely reducing bottomwater conditions, reduced watermass restriction, lower detrital input, and enhanced siliciclastic weathering intensity. We infer control by glacio-eustasy, in which deglacial sea-level rises and concurrent climatic warming triggered the observed environmental changes. Shallowing was associated with renewed glaciation and characterized by the opposite set of conditions. The results of this study thus provide evidence in support of continued continental glaciation during the Early Silurian, i.e., following the termination of the major end-Ordovician Hirnantian glaciation. The study core also exhibits a long-term shallowing trend through the entire Lower Silurian, the origin of which may have been tectono-epeirogenic uplift of the South China Craton during the