Natural renewable glucose or lactose upon reaction with dodecylamine has been converted into N-dodecylglucosylamine or N-dodecyllactosylamine, which upon acid−alkali reaction with dicarboxylic acid (HOOC(CH 2 ) n-2 COOH, n = 3,4,5,6,8) gives a series of sugar-based pseudogemini surfactants (G-n, L-n, respectively). Some physicochemical properties such as the critical micelle concentration (CMC), equilibrium surface tension at the CMC (γ CMC ), effectiveness (π CMC ), efficiency (pC 20 ), maximum surface excess (Γ max ), minimum surface area (A min ), counterion binding of micelles (β), and the changes of standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG m 0 ), enthalpy (ΔH m 0 ) and entropy (ΔS m 0 ) for processes of micellization in the range 298.15 K to 328.15 K have been evaluated by surface tension and electroconductometry methods in aqueous solutions of these pseudogemini surfactants. The results revealed that most of the above properties depend on dicarboxylic acid linker length and headgroup saccharide size. These findings help with understanding the structure-properties relationships of surfactants so as to construct new pseudogemini surfactants.
Resource consumption, energy consumption, environmental impact and costs of layer-combustion boiler were assessed by using life cycle assessment (LCA). The costs during construction stage, resource and energy consumption during operation stage of layer-combustion hot-water boiler were focused on. Life cycle inventory was established. The results show that: throughout the boiler life cycle, the largest resource consumption indicator is that of coal with value of 93%, followed by natural gas and limestone. For the internal costs, although operation costs are obviously higher than construction costs, the construction costs still account for more than 30%, which is related to the relatively short servicetime of layer-combustion heating boilers. For the external costs, global warming accounts for the highest proportion.
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