Patients with pituitary adenoma have often suffered cognitive impairment. The study aims to identify the factors, and their impact, that affect the cognitive functions of pituitary adenoma patients. Seventy-six patients with pituitary adenoma were recruited, together with 76 healthy subjects as control. Patients (34 functioning and 42 non-functioning) were randomly assigned into either microscopic (n = 44) or neural endoscopic (n = 32) group. All surgeries were performed through single-nostril transsphenoidal approach under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. All patients were examined with cognitive assessments (CAMCOG-C and MMSE tests), tumor size, eyesight, and hormone levels before surgery. Three months after surgery, all patients were examined again to check hormone level changes by blood samples, tumor excision status via MRI, and cognitive assessments. Compared with healthy control, total score and multiple cognitive scores of CAMCOG-C and MMSE were significantly lower before surgery. There were no correlations between cognitive functions and tumor size or eyesight. Significant difference in cognitive functions was found between functioning and non-functioning pituitary adenoma patients. Significant increase in cognitive functions occurred after surgery, whereas no difference was detected between the two different surgical treatments. The hormone levels were improved significantly in patients with hormone disorders after surgery. The physical compression from tumor might not play a key role in cognitive impairment. However, hormone disorders could be a major factor to cognitive impairment. The improvement in cognitive functions is attributed to the amelioration of endocrine disorders. There were no differences between two surgical treatments.
Cerebral ischemia is caused by various disorders, such as stroke, myocardial infarction, or peripheral vascular disease. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effects of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Middle cerebral artery occlusion was established to evaluate the effects of GA on cerebral ischemia. In this study, our results showed that GA could dramatically decrease cerebral edema, reduce the neurological deficits, and smaller brain infarct volume was found in the GA treatment group. In serum and brain tissue, GA also increased superoxide dismutase activity. In addition, in serum and brain tissue, GA also dramatically inhibited the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α. Moreover, GA inhibited the expressions of high‐mobility group protein box‐1 (HMGB1)‐mediated TLR4/NF‐κB pathway. Our data determined that GA may provide protective effect on the I/R‐induced cerebral ischemia disease.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.