Accurate inversion of land surface geo/biophysical variables from remote sensing data for earth observation applications is an essential and challenging topic for the global change research. Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the key parameters in the physics of earth surface processes from local to global scales. The importance of LST is being increasingly recognized and there is a strong interest in developing methodologies to measure LST from the space. Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) is the newest thermal infrared sensor for the Landsat project, providing two adjacent thermal bands, which has a great benefit for the LST inversion. In this paper, we compared three different approaches for LST inversion from TIRS, including the radiative transfer equation-based method, the split-window algorithm and the single channel method. Four selected energy balance monitoring sites from the Surface Radiation Budget Network (SURFRAD) were used for validation, combining with the MODIS 8 day emissivity product. For the investigated sites and scenes, results show that the LST inverted from the radiative transfer equation-based method using band 10 has the highest accuracy with RMSE lower than 1 K, while the SW algorithm has moderate accuracy and the SC method has the lowest accuracy.

The glass transition temperature (T g ), in-plane diffusivity (D), and effective viscosity (η eff ) were measured for the same thin film system of poly(isobutyl methacrylate) supported by silica (PiBMA/SiOx). We found that both the T g and D were independent of the film thickness (h 0 ), but η eff decreased with decreasing h 0 . We envisage the different h 0 dependencies to be caused by T g , D, and η eff being different functions of the local T g 's (T g,i ) or viscosities (η i ), which vary with the film depth. By assuming a three-layer model and that T g (h 0 ) = ⟨T g,i ⟩, D(h 0 ) ∼ k B T/⟨η i ⟩, and η eff (h 0 ) = h 0 3 /3M tot (η i ), where ⟨...⟩ denotes spatial averaging and M tot is the mobility of the films, we were able to account for the experimental data. By extending these ideas to the analogous data of polystyrene supported by silica (PS/SiOx), a resolution was found for the long-standing inconsistency regarding the effects of confinement on the dynamics of polymer films.

Interactions between bovine serum albumin (BSA)/b-lactoglobulin (BLG) and spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPBs) were investigated by a combination of turbidimetric titration, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurement, and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) which revealed different behaviors, architectures, and phase states of pH dependent protein-SPB interactions. Binding energetics, affinity, and stoichiometry between BSA-BLG and SPBs were determined by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to get further information concerning the interaction difference. The SPBs consist of narrowly distributed polystyrene core particles (ca. 80 nm in diameter) onto which linear chains of polyelectrolytes, either weak anionic poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) or weak cationic poly(2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride) (PAEMH), are grafted. For a particular protein (BSA or BLG), the binding stoichiometry, affinity, architecture, and phase state between proteins and anionic SPBs were significantly different from those for cationic SPBs. Significantly larger binding affinity and adsorbed amount were observed for BSA in anionic SPBs versus cationic SPBs, while opposite for BLG, which were explained in terms of different charge anisotropy of proteins. These findings lay the foundation for SPB applications in the separation and immobilization of different proteins.

BackgroundLysosome-associated agents have been implicated as possible chemo-sensitizers and immune regulators for cancer chemotherapy. We investigated the potential roles and mechanisms of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in combination with chemotherapy in lung cancer treatment.MethodsThe effects of combined treatment on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were investigated using cell viability assays and animal models. The influence of HCQ on lysosomal pH was evaluated by lysosomal sensors and confocal microscopy. The effects of HCQ on the tumour immune microenvironment were analysed by flow cytometry.ResultsHCQ elevates the lysosomal pH of cancer cells to inactivate P-gp while increasing drug release from the lysosome into the nucleus. Furthermore, single HCQ therapy inhibits lung cancer by inducing macrophage-modulated anti-tumour CD8+ T cell immunity. Moreover, HCQ could promote the transition of M2 tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) into M1-like macrophages, leading to CD8+ T cell infiltration into the tumour microenvironment.ConclusionsHCQ exerts anti-NSCLC cells effects by reversing the drug sequestration in lysosomes and enhancing the CD8+ T cell immune response. These findings suggest that HCQ could act as a promising chemo-sensitizer and immune regulator for lung cancer chemotherapy in the clinic.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0938-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

To date, the chromosomes of 210 species of fresh-water fishes have been studied in China. They are principally cyprinids. Based upon the karyotypic data so far obtained mainly by the authors' laboratory, a report is here submitted on the karyosystematics of Chinese cyprinid fishes.The primitive karyotype of cyprinid fishes may be inferred as being 2n = 50. During phyletic evolution the cyprinid fishes probably have been differentiated into two large branches, one of which with the Leuciscinae as a basic group and another branch with the Barbinae as a basic group. As to the modes of their chromosome evolution, Robertsonian translocation seems to be prominent in the first branch, whereas polyploidization appears to be prominent in the second branch. Based on the chromosome studies in cyprinid fishes, some tentative ideas about the classification of the subfamilies in Cyprinidae are presented.A table containing the karyotypes of Chinese fresh-water fishes is attached.

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The purpose of this study is to summarize the currently available evidence regarding the concerned issue by performing a comprehensive meta-analysis. Relevant publications reporting the association of metformin use with survival of lung cancer patients with diabetes were electronically searched to identify eligible studies. The meta-analysis was performed with hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) as effect measures for disease-free survival(DFS) and overall survival(OS) estimates. A total of 17 individual studies from 10 publications were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the results revealed a significant association of metformin use with a better survival of lung cancer patients with diabetes(for DFS: HR = 0.65, 95%CI = 0.52-0.83; for OS: HR = 0.78, 95%CI = 0.64-0.93). The subgroup analyses showed similar association in Asian region(for DFS:HR = 0.69, 95%CI = 0.59-0.80; for OS: HR = 0.55, 95%CI = 0.46-0.67) but not in Western region. Such association was also presented in small cell lung cancer (for DFS: HR = 0.54, 95%CI = 0.38-0.77; for OS: HR = 0.52, 95%CI = 0.39-0.69) and in non-small cell lung cancer(for DFS: HR = 0.70, 95%CI = 0.51-0.96; for OS: HR = 0.75, 95%CI = 0.58-0.97). Analyses stratified by treatment strategy showed a reduction in the risk of cancer-related mortality in patients receiving chemotherapy(for DFS: HR = 0.71, 95%CI = 0.64-0.83; for OS: HR = 0.58, 95%CI = 0.47-0.71) but not in patients receiving chemoradiotherapy. The meta-analysis demonstrated that metformin use was significantly associated with a favorable survival outcome of lung cancer patients with diabetes.