Pot experiments were performed to study the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) and melatonin (MT) on cotton drought tolerance and to explore their combined effects. ABA or MT spraying promoted water status and antioxidant capacity of drought-stressed leaves, which was conducive to scavenge ROS, finally increasing lint yield. However, the mitigation mechanisms of ABA and MT on drought were not identical, which were mainly manifested as: (1) ABA increased the relative water content (RWC) of drought-stressed leaves via, reducing water loss, but MT increased it via, promoting water uptake efficiency; (2) for enzymatic antioxidant system, ABA and MT might modulate different kinds of superoxide dismutase to catalyze the reduction of O 2 À under drought; and (3) for ascorbic acid (AsA)-glutathione (GSH) cycle, MT increased the glutathione reductase activity in drought-stressed leaves, but ABA did not. ABA + MT spraying led to higher leaf RWC and total antioxidant capacity than single hormone under drought, leading to a lower H 2 O 2 level. For the enzymatic antioxidant system, single hormone treatment affected Cu/ZnSOD or MnSOD expression, but ABA + MT upregulated both genes in drought-stressed leaves. Hormones combined application also had higher CAT expression than single hormone. For AsA-GSH cycle, ABA + MT had higher dehydroascorbic acid reductase activity than single hormone, resulting in higher AsA content. Moreover, hormones combined application caused higher ascorbate peroxidase activity than single hormone, suggesting that their combination synergistically improved the ability of AsA to eliminate ROS. All these confirmed that ABA plus MT had synergistic effects on improving crop drought resistance.

No abstract

Influenza A virus (IAV), a highly pathogenic virus to human beings, is most susceptible to mutation and thus causes rapid, severe global pandemics resulting in millions of fatalities worldwide. Since resistance to the existing anti-influenza drugs is developing, innovative inhibitors with a different mode of action are urgently needed. The lead compound 6092B-E5 has proven to be an effective antiviral reagent in our previous work. Using the principles of substitution and bioisosterism of the indole ring, six series of novel anti-IAV target products were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antiviral effect in this work. Compounds D 1 , D 3 , D 9 , G 1 , G 3 , G 12 and G 23 were identified as promising anti-IAV candidates with excellent anti-IAV efficacy (IC 50 values of 3.06 -5.77 μM) and low cytotoxicity (CC 50 values up to and beyond 100 μM). This work represents a successful application of the substitution and bioisosteric replacement strategy for the discovery of novel antiviral molecules that can be used for further structural optimization. Figure 3. IAV inhibition effect of selected compounds at different concentrations. IAV inhibition rate is the average of three independent sets of data and the values were shown as mean � SD. -1-yloxy)acetamide (G 7 ). The synthesis method is the same as that for G 1 . Column chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate = 10 : 1) to give G 7 (72 % yield). 1 H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl 3 ): 8.34 (s, 1H), 8. 28 -8.22 (m, 1H), 7.93 -7.82 (m, 1H), 7.62 -7.54 (m, 3H), 7.52 -7.45 (m, 4H), 7.40 (t, J = 8.0, 1H), 6.87 (d, J = 7.6, 1H), 4.80 (s, N-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-(naphthalen

Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems, which undermines global sustainability. This review presents a recent advance in electrochemical sensors for heavy metal detection microfluidic chips are discussed. urthermore, nanoparticle-modified electrodes microelectrode (or nanoelectrode) arrays and microfluidic electrochemical sensors are summarized. 1