We report here the preparation of PEO-b-P2VPH+-S2O8(2-) micelles and their reversible multi-responsive behavior.

This study investigated the transformation kinetics and pathways of four widely used macrolides (MLs), including roxithromycin, azithromycin, erythromycin, and clarithromycin, in dissolved organic matter (DOM) solutions under simulated solar irradiation. The results suggest that the triplet excited state of DOM plays an important role in the phototransformation of MLs. The transformation products (TPs) of MLs in the presence of natural organic matters were identified by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Statistical analysis data mining procedures, including Venn diagrams and hierarchical clustering, were used to extract the TPs of the MLs. Multiple TPs for the selected MLs (roxithromycin (39), azithromycin (22), erythromycin (19), and clarithromycin (19)) were identified based on the structural information within the MS2 spectra. Most of the TPs are reported here for the first time. These TPs were mapped to the “photometabolome” networks of the MLs via linkage analysis. The results suggest that demethylation and hydroxylation are the most common reactions during the phototransformation of MLs. The products formed via N-demethylation of the desosamine moiety constitute the most abundant TPs. Overall, the combination of statistical analyses and linkage analyses of HRMS data could be a useful and promising method for predicting the degradation processes of ML antibiotics.

Although the use of fluorocarbon paint (FluorPa) is well known in China, the occurrence of poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in FluorPa, as well as the potential release of PFASs to the environment, is not well characterized. In the present study, a total of 64 emerging compounds belonging to nine classes of PFASs were identified in FluorPa samples (n = 16) based on high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and the multiple mass scale-adjusted Kendrick mass defect plot. Quantitative results showed that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the major contributor to legacy PFASs in most samples, with the highest concentration at 7.45 × 10 4 ng/g. The monohydro-substituted perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (H-PFCAs) were predominant emerging PFASs in 14 samples, while polyfluorinated sulfates (PFSs) were major in the other two samples. Moreover, two kinds of PFSs displayed the ratios to the highest PFOA value at 0.30 and 0.54 in those two samples, which amounts to several thousand ng/g, indicating their potential use in FluorPa. On the basis of the obtained data, the average amounts of legacy and emerging PFASs emissions being released into the environment via FluorPa were estimated to be 216 and 148 kg/year, respectively, indicating that the use of FluorPa will enhance the environmental risks from PFASs.

The occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) was investigated inside two manufacturing facilities in China. Levels, profiles, and spatial distribution of the detected PFAS were found to be distinctly site-specific and influenced by the area’s historic function, production structure of the plant, downpour-induced accidental pollution, and variations in the adsorption and transport of compounds. Very high concentrations of PFAS [mainly C4 and C8 perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs)] were found in topsoil and groundwater from both plants, with the highest values of 4.89 × 106 μg/kg dw and 1.10 × 104 μg/L, respectively. Elevated concentrations of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in this study were attributed to their unintentional formation during the electrochemical fluorination process, which might be an overlooked source of PFCA. PFAS generally showed decreasing trends from shallow layers to the bottom of the soil core and demonstrated some downward migrations at different soil depths with time, and C4–C8 PFAS presented a deeper seepage than their long-chain homologues. Total organic carbon appeared to be more important for PFAS sorption to the topsoil than to the soil core. Workers were at potential risk of exposure to perfluorooctanesulfonic acid via soil at production and storage related sites. This study provides a critical reference for the systematic control of PFAS pollution around manufacturing facilities and a proof for an overlooked source of PFCA.