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Surface electromyogram (EMG) is often corrupted by three types of noises, i.e. power line interference (PLI), white Gaussian noise (WGN), and baseline wandering (BW). A novel framework based primarily on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) was developed to reduce all the three noise contaminations from surface EMG. In addition to regular EMD, the ensemble EMD (EEMD) was also examined for surface EMG denoising. The advantages of the EMD based methods were demonstrated by comparing them with the traditional digital filters, using signals derived from our routine electrode array surface EMG recordings. The experimental results demonstrated that the EMD based methods achieved better performance than the conventional digital filters, especially when the signal to noise ratio of the processed signal was low. Among all the examined methods, the EEMD based approach achieved the best surface EMG denoising performance.

Angle-resolved polarization Raman spectroscopy (ARPRS) is widely used to determine the crystal orientations of anisotropic layered materials (ALMs), which is an essential step to study all anisotropic properties of them....

The present work describes modifications to an existing TLC bioautographic method for detecting acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plant extracts. The basic principle of the method is that the enzyme converts 1-naphthyl acetate into naphthol which reacts with Fast Blue B salt to make a purple-colored background on the TLC plates. Inhibitors of acetylcholinesterases produced white spots on the background. Our modifications involve changes in the concentration of the enzyme, the reagents, and the time of the reaction. With these changes, the consumption of the enzyme was reduced by 85% and the detection limits were decreased remarkably.

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This paper investigates the nature of the causal linkage between stock markets and foreign exchange markets in Australia, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, and UK from 1992:1 to 2005:12. Recently developed cointegration tests are employed and no evidence of a long-run relationship between the variables is found. Three variations of the Granger causality test are carried out and causality from exchange rates to stock prices is found for Canada, Switzerland, and United Kingdom; weak causality in the other direction is found only for Switzerland.The Hiemstra-Jones test is used to examine possible nonlinear causality and the results indicate causality from stock prices to exchange rates in Japan and weak causality of the reverse direction in Switzerland. AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank the Bank of England and the Dow-Jones Company for providing the data for this study. We have benefited from comments at the European Economics and Finance Society conference in 2008 in Prague. We have benefited from the comments of two anonymous referees and Theologos Dergiades. The usual disclaimer applies.

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