In response to global warming, greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement has been one of the top priorities of governments, and a large variety of environmental regulation policies have been implemented in past decades. Using panel data from 27 OECD countries over the period of 2005–2012, this study measures and compares the stringency level of command-and-control and market-based environmental regulations. The differentiated impacts and indirect effects of environmental regulations on GHG emissions are tested empirically. The results show that: (1) Both command-and-control and market-based environmental regulations have effects on GHG abatement in OECD countries, and there is a non-linear relationship between environmental regulations and GHG discharge, in which stringent command-and-control environmental regulations and mild market-based regulation policies are preferred; (2) Command-and-control environmental regulations reduce GHG emissions by improving the technological level, rather than the energy consumption structure. In contrast, market-based environmental regulations can promote GHG abatement through the intermediary effects of both technological progress and the energy consumption structure. The findings provide implications for OECD countries to further reduce GHG emissions.
The coal mining industry is taking the development path of information industrialization and promoting the “deep integration of the two technologies”, which involves the construction and citation of many new technologies and new business models. With the introduction of cloud computing and big data technologies, data sharing is becoming more and more important. The industrial control system becomes more and more open, and the safety protection measures for the industrial control system are seriously lagging behind, leading to the extremely prominent information security problems of the industrial control system of the coal industry. This paper analyzes the industrial control system of the coal mine industry, researches the specificity of the coal mine industry and its applicable protection technology, and combines IEC62443, GB/T30976 and other industrial control system safety general technical standards, and proposes a coal mine industry industrial control network information security model.
As an important part of Baijiu industry in China, Chinese sauce-flavor Baijiu is sought after by the consumer market for its unique taste. However, in recent years, there are still many challenges in the process of industrial development. Based on the analysis of three characteristics of Chinese sauceflavor Baijiu market and the internal and external environments of industrial development, the internal and external factors of high quality and sustainable development of Chinese sauce-flavor Baijiu industry were discussed from three aspects - concentrated development, green development and diversified development.
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