People form first impressions from facial appearance rapidly, and these impressions can have considerable social and economic consequences. Three dimensions can explain Western perceivers' impressions of Caucasian faces: approachability, youthful-attractiveness, and dominance. Impressions along these dimensions are theorized to be based on adaptive cues to threat detection or sexual selection, making it likely that they are universal. We tested whether the same dimensions of facial impressions emerge across culture by building data-driven models of first impressions of Asian and Caucasian faces derived from Chinese and British perceivers' unconstrained judgments. We then cross-validated the dimensions with computer-generated average images. We found strong evidence for common approachability and youthful-attractiveness dimensions across perceiver and face race, with some evidence of a third dimension akin to capability. The models explained ~75% of the variance in facial impressions. In general, the findings demonstrate substantial cross-cultural agreement in facial impressions, especially on the most salient dimensions.

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A new sesquiterpene, chlorantholide G (1), a new sesquiterpene dimer, elatiolactone (2), and 2 new diterpenes, elatiorlabdane B (3) and elatiorlabdane C (4), together with 51 known compounds, were isolated from the aerial parts of Chloranthus elatior. The new structures including their absolute configurations were mainly established by mass spectrometric, NMR, and electronic circular dichroism experiments. All isolated compounds were tested for their anti-hDHODH activity. (4S,6R)-4-hydroxy-6-isopropyl-3-methylcyclohex-2-enone (5) and (4S,5R,9S,10R)-8(17),12,14-labdatrien-18-oic acid (29) were the most active compounds with IC50 values of 18.7 and 30.7 µM, respectively.

Gnaphalium affine is traditionally used to treat hyperuricemia and gout in China. Recently, the hypouricemic and renal protective effects of G. affine extract (GAD) have been deeply evaluated. However, little is known about the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of bioactive constituents in GAD. This study was aimed to investigate the individual and holistic pharmacokinetics of ten bioactive components (including caffeic acid, caffeoylquinic acids, and flavonoids) in rats after single and multiple administration of GAD. GAD was orally dosed to normal male rats at doses of 225, 450 or 900 mg/kg/day for 10 consecutive days and also orally administrated to uric acid nephropathy (UAN) rats at a dose of 900 mg/kg/day for 28 consecutive days. Integrated PKs of multiple components were calculated by area under the curve (AUC)-based weighting approach. All the components showed a double-peak phenomenon in terms of their plasma concentration-time curves suggesting that the components undergo enterohepatic circulation. The integrated AUC increased in a good dose-proportional manner with GAD dose. Compared with that in normal rats, the plasma exposure of caffeic acid and caffeoylquinic acids increased by 2.3- to 4.3-fold after 10-day chronic treatment of 900 mg/kg GAD in UAN rats. Modest drug accumulation was observed after 28-day chronic treatment.

The rhizome of Alisma orientale (sam.) Juz. is used in clinics for eliminating dampness, reducing edema, and promoting diuresis. This study aimed to elucidate the compounds and investigate their nuclear factor-kappa inhibitory activities in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. A new triterpene, alismaketone B (1); a new natural nortriterpene, noralisolic acid A (2); and 13 known protostane-type triterpenes were isolated from the rhizome of A. orientale. The new structures and their absolute configurations were established using HRESIMS, NMR, and electronic circular dichroism experiments. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity on NF-κB. The compounds 8, 9, 10, and 14 showed moderate NF-κB inhibitory activities with their IC50 values being 64.7, 32.3, 47.3, and 37.3 μM, respectively.