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A measurement system based on a W-type optical fibre sensor for determining the fat content in milk is investigated in this paper. The system consists of a light source, W-type optical fibre sensor, detector, amplifier, A/D converter, microprocessor and thermoelectric cooler (TEC). According to Mie-scattering theory, the standard models of the system at different temperatures (25°, 30°, 35°, 40° and 45 °C) are obtained. Evaluations of all the models at different temperatures are made, which illustrate that 40 °C is the optimal temperature for fat content in milk. At 40 °C, the linear relationship between the absorbance and the fat content is significant. Furthermore, a prediction experiment has been performed to confirm the validity of the standard model. As a result, the measurement system based on a W-type optical fibre sensor is capable of measuring the fat content in milk effectively and in real time.

A combined codebook constructing method is proposed for beamforming in correlated Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels, where the codebook is dynamically constructed based on the transmit covariance matrix of the channel. Monte Carlo simulations show performance close to optimal beamforming. Huffman coding is used to further reduce the feedback rate in correlated MIMO system.

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