Objective To assess the benefits of different treatments that aim to prevent the endoscopic recurrence of Crohn's disease (CD) after ileal resection. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were searched from MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Database. All the included RCTs with an endoscopic recurrence outcome which was defined as Rutgeerts' score ≥ i2 have a duration of more than 1 year. The quality of the included RCTs was assessed by the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Pairwise treatment effects were estimated through a Bayesian random effects network meta-analysis by using the OpenBUGS 1.4 software and reported as odds ratios (ORs) with a 95% credible interval (CI). Results Fourteen RCTs (877 participants) were included. Two strategies were superior to placebo for preventing endoscopic recurrence of CD at 1 year after surgery: infliximab (d, −5.475; 95% CI, −10.47 to –1.632) and adalimumab (d, −7.273; 95% CI, −13.84 to −2.585). Nine strategies were not effective: budesnoid, mesalazine (in both high and low dose), azathioprine, Tripterygium wilfordii, mesalazine + infliximab, ornidazole, untreated intervention, and Lactobacillus GG. Conclusions Except for infliximab and adalimumab, other strategies included in our analysis were not effective for preventing endoscopic recurrence of CD at 1 year after ileal resection.
In order to measure the graphene’s dielectric constant, the microwave cavity perturbation method was employed. At the frequency of 9.212 GHz, graphene with three concentrations of 5 g ml−1, 2.5 g ml−1 and 1.25 g ml−1 was studied respectively. For these three solutions, as inserted depth in the microwave resonator, concentration and capillary’s diameter changed, the dielectric constant’s real part and imaginary part were all measured, calculated and discussed. The results showed that the real part of the graphene’s dielectric constant increased with the increase of the depth of the capillary into the resonator, decreased with the increase of the capillary diameter. The conductivity of graphene solution was measured which decreased with the increase of liquid concentration.
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