This 1:5 case‐control study aimed to identify the risk factors of hospital‐acquired pressure injuries (HAPIs) and to develop a mathematical model of nomogram for the risk prediction of HAPIs. Data for 370 patients with HAPIs and 1971 patients without HAPIs were extracted from the adverse events and the electronic medical systems. They were randomly divided into two sets: training (n = 1951) and validation (n = 390). Significant risk factors were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses in the training set, followed by a nomogram constructed. Age, independent movement, sensory perception and response, moisture, perfusion, use of medical devices, compulsive position, hypoalbuminaemia, an existing pressure injury or scarring from a previous pressure injury, and surgery sufferings were considered significant risk factors and were included to construct a nomogram. In both of the training and validation sets, the areas of 0.90 under the receiver operating characteristic curves showed excellent discrimination of the nomogram; calibration plots demonstrated a good consistency between the observed probability and the nomogram's prediction; decision curve analyses exhibited preferable net benefit along with the threshold probability in the nomogram. The excellent performance of the nomogram makes it a convenient and reliable tool for the risk prediction of HAPIs.
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of flurbiprofen on serum level of interleukin-6 (IL-6), prostacyclin (PGI2) and corticosteroid A2 (TXA2) in patients with bone metastases of cancer. A total of 210 patients with bone metastasis of cancer were randomly divided into two groups: Flurbiprofen axetil analgesia group (group A) and dezocine analgesia group (group B), 105 cases in each group. The analgesic effect was evaluated using visual analogue scale (VAS) scoring system at 1, 12, 24 and 48 h after treatment. Serum levels of IL-6, PGI2 and TXA2 at 12 and 24 h after treatment were detected using double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No significant differences in VAS scores were found between the two groups at 1, 12, 24 and 48 h after treatment, and no gastrointestinal adverse events and abnormal bleeding were observed. No significant differences in the serum levels of IL-6 were found between the two groups at 12 and 24 h after treatment. Significantly lower serum levels of TXA2 and PGI2 were found in group A compared to group B at 12 and 24 h after treatment (P<0.05). Serum level of PGI2 was positively correlated with serum level of TXA2 (r=0.7212, P<0.05) and VAS score (r=0.7159, P<0.05). Serum level of IL-6 was positively correlated with VAS score (r=0.7997, P<0.05). The results show that flurbiprofen axetil can effectively relieve pain in patients with bone metastases of cancer, can inhibit platelet activation, adhesion and aggregation, and reduce the formation of deep vein thrombosis, and can inhibit stress response and inflammatory response in the body.
This study investigated the effects of different concentrations of oxygen exposure on the morphology and function of N9 microglia and analyzed its mechanisms. N9 microglia were cultured under the condition of high (95% O2 and 5% CO2), normal (95% air and 5% CO2) and low oxygen (95% CO2 and 5% O2) concentrations. The cell morphologies were observed under inverted phase contrast microscope after 24 h. Flow cytometry was applied to detect cell survival and apoptotic rate. The mRNA and protein expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis, respectively. The results showed that, N9 microglial apoptotic rates in hyperoxia and hypoxia conditions were significantly higher than those in the normal group (P<0.05) and the apoptosis rate in the hypoxia group was higher than that in the hyperoxia group (P<0.05). The mRNA and protein expression levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in the hyperoxia and hypoxia groups were significantly higher than those in the normal group (P<0.05) and the mRNA and protein expression levels in hypoxia group were higher than those in the hyperoxia group (P<0.05). Therefore, N9 microglia cultured under hyperoxia and hypoxia conditions can be activated, enhancing pro-inflammatory response and inducing cell apoptosis. The mechanism may be that the secretion of neurotoxic factors IL-1β and TNF-α is involved in these responses.
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