Lonicera japonica Thunb is a commonly used Chinese herbal medicine, which belongs to the family Caprifoliaceae. The active components varied greatly during bud development. Research on the variation of the main active components is significant for the timely harvesting and quality control of Lonicera japonica. In this study, the attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) combined with the chemometric method was performed to investigate the variability of different harvesting periods of Lonicera japonica. The preliminary characterization from ATR-FTIR fingerprints showed various characteristic absorption peaks of the main active components from the different harvesting times, such as flavonoids, organic acids, iridoids, and volatile oils. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) scatter plots showed that there was a clear clustering trend in the samples of the same harvesting period, and the samples of the different harvesting periods could be well distinguished. Finally, further analysis by the orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed that there were regular changes in flavonoids, phenolic acids, iridoids, and volatile oils in different harvesting periods. Therefore, ATR-FTIR, as a novel and convenient analytical method, could be applied to evaluate the quality of Lonicera japonica.
In recent years, small intestine as a key target in the treatment of Inflammatory bowel disease caused by NSAIDs has become a hot topic. Sanguinarine (SA) is one of the main alkaloids in the Macleaya cordata extracts with strong pharmacological activity of anti-tumor, anti-inflammation and anti-oxidant. SA is reported to inhibit acetic acid-induced colitis, but it is unknown whether SA can relieve NSAIDs-induced small intestinal inflammation. Herein, we report that SA effectively reversed the inflammatory lesions induced by indomethacin (Indo) in rat small intestine and IEC-6 cells in culture. Our results showed that SA significantly relieved the symptoms and reversed the inflammatory lesions of Indo as shown in alleviation of inflammation and improvement of colon macroscopic damage index (CMDI) and tissue damage index (TDI) scores. SA decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MDA and LDH in small intestinal tissues and IEC-6 cells, but increased SOD activity and ZO-1 expression. Mechanistically, SA dose-dependently promoted the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 by decreasing Keap-1 level, but inhibited p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in Indo-treated rat small intestine and IEC-6 cells. Furthermore, in SA treated cells, the colocalization between p-p65 and CBP in the nucleus was decreased, while the colocalization between Nrf2 and CBP was increased, leading to the movement of gene expression in the nucleus to the direction of anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation. Nrf2 silencing blocked the effects of SA. Together our results suggest that SA can significantly prevent intestinal inflammatory lesions induced by Indo in rats and IEC-6 cells through regulation of the Nrf2 pathway and NF-κBp65 pathway.
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