BackgroundThe investigation of the genetic basis of local adaptation in non-model species is an interesting focus of evolutionary biologists and molecular ecologists. Identifying these adaptive genetic variabilities on the genome responsible can provide insight into the genetic mechanism of local adaptation.ResultsWe investigated the spatial distribution of genetic variation in 22 natural populations of Pterocarya stenoptera across its distribution area in China to provide insights into the complex interplay between multiple environmental variables and adaptive genetic differentiation. The Bayesian analysis of population structure showed that the 22 populations of P. stenoptera were subdivided into two groups. Redundancy analysis demonstrated that this genetic differentiation was caused by the divergent selection of environmental difference. A total of 44 outlier loci were mutually identified by Arlequin and BayeScan, 43 of which were environment-associated loci (EAL). The results of latent factor mixed model analysis showed that solar radiation in June (Sr6), minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6), temperature seasonality (Bio4), and water vapor pressure in January (Wvp1) were associated with the highest numbers of EAL. Sr6 was associated with the ecological habitat of “prefered light”, and Bio6 and Wvp1 were associated with the ecological habitat of “warm and humid environment”.ConclusionsOur results provided empirical evidence that environmental variables related to the ecological habitats of species play key roles in driving adaptive differentiation of species genome.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-018-1524-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Catalyst-dependent oxidative cyclization of diynes with pyridine N-oxides is discovered using an amide directing group. Non-polarized and aminated alkyne could be selectively activated by copper and gold, thus leading to...
An efficient copper-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of diynes is described. A range of functionalized γ-lactams are readily constructed by utilizing this protocol. This copper-catalyzed oxidative process proceeds through alkyne oxidation, carbene/alkyne metathesis, and donor/donor carbene oxidation sequence. The use of readily available substrates, high flexibility, a simple procedure, and mild reaction conditions render it a viable alternative for the preparation of functionalized γ-lactams.
Dearomatizing spirocyclization reactions, which are very appealing synthetic strategies to generate functionalized three-dimensional scaffolds from simple two-dimensional precursors. Recently, transition-metal-catalyzed dearomatizing spirocyclization reactions of indolyl ynones has burgeoned, as the construction of synthetically challenging quaternary spirocyclic carbons is easily achieved. In this review, we introduce an overview of advances in the transition-metal-catalyzed dearomatizing spirocyclization reactions of indolyl ynones, and categorize these reactions according to types of catalyst.
In recent years, transition-metal-catalyzed tandem cyclization reaction of alkyne, especially involving metal carbene intermediate, has received worthwhile interest as it bypasses the employment of risky and potentially explosive diazo compounds...
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