Using natural polypeptide protamines as the illustrating example, we observed the phase transfer of biological polyions at polarized interfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) for the first time by micropipet voltammetry. Analysis of the limiting currents indicates that each protamine carries 20 positive charges as expected from the number of arginine residues in the molecule. Also, it was shown that the shape of the voltammograms is limited by the interfacial transfer of protamines. Coupling of the transfer reactions with interfacial adsorption/desorption of protamines was also observed. ITIES will serve as a basis of amperometric sensors for biological macromolecules and also as a model for understanding potential-driven membrane transport of these molecules.
A majority of studies have documented basin-dependent factors for predicting interannual variability of tropical cyclone genesis frequency (TCGF) over basins. In this study, we find that the spring North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has cross-basin impacts on summer and autumn TCGF over the whole North Hemisphere. The positive NAO suppresses the TCGF in the North Atlantic (NA) but promotes the TCGF in the North Pacific (NP) via modulating the large-scale environment parameters and vice versa. The positive NAO in spring can induce negative sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the NA, which persists into summer via the ocean memory. The negative SST anomalies cool the overlying atmosphere and damp the precipitation, leading to a low-level anti-cyclonic circulation and thereby counteracting the TCGF over the NA in summer and autumn. The southerly anomaly west of the anti-cyclonic circulation increases the SST and precipitation over the northeast Pacific in summer. Accordingly, a cyclonic circulation appears western NP via Gill response and sustains by the warm advection via the air–ocean positive feedback, which devotes the NP TCGF in summer and autumn. The composite results in high-resolutions numerical model from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 further verify the relationship between the spring NAO and TCGF.
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