The commercial manufacturing of perovskite solar modules (PSM) suffers from stability concerns and scalability issues. We demonstrate a hole‐conductor‐free printable solar module embodiment, which employs a triple layer of mesoporous TiO2/ZrO2/carbon as scaffold, and is infiltrated by a mixed cation lead halide perovskite (5‐AVA)x(MA)1−xPbI3 as a light harvester. Here, hole conductor or Au reflector are not employed, and instead, the back contact comprises simply a printed carbon layer. Upon optimizing the thickness alignment of the triple mesoscopic layer and the design of the active area, the unit cell shows 14.02% power conversion efficiency (PCE) under 100 mW cm−2 condition, while a larger area of 10 serially connected cells module (10 × 10 cm2), shows a 10.4% PCE on an active area of 49 cm2. Light‐soaking stability of 1000 h has been demonstrated, as well as local outdoor stability of 1 month and a shelf‐life stability of over 1 year. This paves the way for the realization of efficient and stable large‐area PSMs for industrial deployment.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted extensive research interest in the last decade due to their high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and simple solution-based fabrication process. [1,2] Evolved from dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), [3] typical PSCs usually employ a mesoporous TiO 2 as the electron-transport layer (ETL), which also functions as the scaffold for depositing the perovskite absorbing layer. [4,5] Although it is criticized that the high-temperature (>450 °C) sintering process for the mesoporous TiO 2 layer makes the device manufacturing complex and energy consumptive, which also hinders the integration of PSCs with flexible substrates and electronics, such mesoscopic PSCs have been dominating the efficiency breakthroughs of PSCs from certified 14.1% in 2013 to 23.7% in 2019. [5-8] The latest 25.2% is highly possible also obtained by mesoscopic PSCs. [9] The ambipolar charge transport characteristics and long charge carrier diffusion length of lead halide perovskites offers the possibility of replacing the mesoporous ETL by a planar one, and constructing planar-structured PSCs with low-temperature (≤150 °C) processes. [10,11] For inverted (p-in) planar PSCs, there are plenty of options available for ETLs and hole-transport layers (HTLs), such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC 61 BM), attributing to years of research on organic solar cells. [12,13] For regular (n-i-p) planar PSCs, compact TiO 2 layer was first used as the ETL, which soon aroused the attention on the anomalous hysteresis phenomenon for PSCs. [14,15] It was claimed that the low electron mobility of compact TiO 2 resulted in charge accumulations at the TiO 2 /perovskite interface and thus caused significant hysteresis. [16,17] Then, it was further found out that the electronic contact between the TiO 2 ETL and the perovskite layer played an essential role in the hysteresis behaviors of PSCs. [18] This is in agreement with the fact that the mesoporous TiO 2-based PSCs usually show much reduced hysteresis, [6,7] since the mesoscopically structured ETL can provide much larger surface area for contacting the perovskite absorber with stabilized properties. Along with the defects at the interfaces, ion migration and trap states in the perovskite layer have also been considered as the origin of the hysteresis Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly developed and achieved power conversion efficiencies of over 20% with diverse technical routes. Particularly, planar-structured PSCs can be fabricated with low-temperature (≤150 °C) solution-based processes, which is energy efficient and compatible with flexible substrates. Here, the efficiency and stability of planar PSCs are enhanced by improving the interface contact between the SnO 2 electron-transport layer (ETL) and the perovskite layer. A biological polymer (heparin potassium, HP) is introduced to regulate the arrangement of SnO 2 nanocrystals, and induce vertically aligned crystal growth of perovski...

A multifunctional additive of guanidinium chloride (GuCl) in a CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite absorber enabled a high open-circuit voltage of over 1.0 V for printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells based on a TiO2/ZrO2/carbon architecture.