The commercial manufacturing of perovskite solar modules (PSM) suffers from stability concerns and scalability issues. We demonstrate a hole‐conductor‐free printable solar module embodiment, which employs a triple layer of mesoporous TiO2/ZrO2/carbon as scaffold, and is infiltrated by a mixed cation lead halide perovskite (5‐AVA)x(MA)1−xPbI3 as a light harvester. Here, hole conductor or Au reflector are not employed, and instead, the back contact comprises simply a printed carbon layer. Upon optimizing the thickness alignment of the triple mesoscopic layer and the design of the active area, the unit cell shows 14.02% power conversion efficiency (PCE) under 100 mW cm−2 condition, while a larger area of 10 serially connected cells module (10 × 10 cm2), shows a 10.4% PCE on an active area of 49 cm2. Light‐soaking stability of 1000 h has been demonstrated, as well as local outdoor stability of 1 month and a shelf‐life stability of over 1 year. This paves the way for the realization of efficient and stable large‐area PSMs for industrial deployment.
Directional growth of ultralong nanowires (NWs) is significant for practical application of large-scale optoelectronic integration. Here, we demonstrate the controlled growth of in-plane directional perovskite CsPbBr NWs, induced by graphoepitaxial effect on annealed M-plane sapphire substrates. The wires have a diameter of several hundred nanometers, with lengths up to several millimeters. Microstructure characterization shows that CsPbBr NWs are high-quality single crystals, with smooth surfaces and well-defined cross section. The NWs have very strong band-edge photoluminescence (PL) with a long PL lifetime of ∼25 ns and can realize high-quality optical waveguides. Photodetectors constructed on these individual NWs exhibit excellent photoresponse with an ultrahigh responsivity of 4400 A/W and a very fast response speed of 252 μs. This work presents an important step toward scalable growth of high-quality perovskite NWs, which will provide promising opportunities in constructing integrated nanophotonic and optoelectronic systems.
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) usually suffer an anomalous hysteresis in current-voltage measurements that leads to an inaccurate estimation of the device efficiency. Although ion migration, charge trapping/detrapping and accumulation have been proposed as a basis for the hysteresis, the origin of hysteresis has not been apparently unraveled. Herein we reported a tunable hysteresis effect based uniquely on open-circuit voltage variations in printable mesoscopic PSCs with a simplified triple-layer TiO2/ZrO2/Carbon architecture. The electrons are collected by the compact TiO2/mesoporous TiO2 (cTiO2/mp-TiO2) bilayer, and the holes are collected by the carbon layer. By adjusting the spray deposition cycles for the cTiO2 layer, we achieved hysteresis-normal, hysteresis-free, and hysteresis-inverted PSCs. Such unique trends of tunable hysteresis are analysed by considering the polarization of the TiO2/perovskite interface, which can accumulate positive charges reversibly. Successfully tuning the hysteresis effect clarifies the critical importance of the c-TiO2/perovskite interface in controlling the hysteretic trends observed, providing important insights towards the understanding of this rapidly developing photovoltaic technology.
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